(b Purworedjo, Java, 20 Dec 1858; d The Hague, 3 March 1928). He moved to the Netherlands in 1872 and took a course in drawing at the Polytechnische School in Delft (1876–9). He also studied at the Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam (1880–82) and at the Ecole des Arts Décoratifs in Brussels (1882–5). In Amsterdam he joined the St Lukas Society, and in Belgium he was a founder-member of Les XX in 1884. Although he had met Jozef Israëls in 1880 and respected the style of the Hague school, he was more attracted by what he saw in Brussels, particularly work by French artists. His portraits of 1884 are painted in an Impressionist style. With other members of Les XX he trained himself in plein-air; he learnt from James Ensor how to apply colours with a palette knife and how to use white with the same intensity as other colours. His style, however, remained austere and his scenes of workmen show a sensitive realism reminiscent of Gustave Courbet’s work, for example Respect for the Dead (1884; priv. col., see 1978 Kröller-Müller exh. cat., p. 8).

Part of the Toorop family

• Toorop, Jan (Theodorus)
  • Netherlands, the, §III, 6(ii): Painting and graphic arts, c 1850–c 1900
  • Netherlands,the, §III, 7(ii): Prints, after c 1900
  • Netherlands, the, §XV: Art education
  • collaboration
    • Mendes da Costa, Joseph
  • groups and movements
    • Haagsche Kunstkring
      • Hague, The, §II, 3: Art life and organization, 1800 and after
    • Moderne Kunstkring
      • Moderne Kunstkring
    • Neo-Impressionism
      • Luminism (ii)
      • Mondrian, Piet, §I, 1: Early life and experimentation with avant-garde styles, to c 1917
      • Neo-Impressionism, §2: Diffusion of Neo-Impressionism in Europe
      • Neo-Impressionism, §3: The decline of Neo-Impressionism and the `second phase’ of influence
    • Post-Impressionism
      • Post-Impressionism, §2: Development in France and elsewhere
    • Salon de la Rose + Croix
      • Salon de la Rose + Croix
    • XX, Les
      • Essor, L’
      • XX, Les
  • pupils
    • Degouve de Nuncques, William
    • Heemskerck van Beest, Jacoba van
  • works
    • Berlage, H. P.
    • Frame, §V, 6: The Netherlands and Belgium: Late 19th and 20th centuries
    • Netherlands, the, §III, 7(i): Painting, video film and photography, after c 1900
    • Poster, §II, 1(iii): Before 1900: Developments outside France