Type of sculpture made with melted sugar. It is confined to Mexico, and its origins are uncertain, although it seems likely that it developed in imitation of the Pre-Columbian custom of creating images with tzoalli dough (a Náhuatl term for maize and amaranth seeds kneaded with honey), as described in detail by 16th-century Spanish chroniclers. The latter tradition has survived to the late 20th century alongside sugar sculpture. Aztec deity images were made of clay, stone, wood or tzoalli dough, and less frequently of gold, silver or jade. The last three, more expensive materials, were used for temple images, but tzoalli images were also ‘sacred’, in that pieces were broken off and eaten, perhaps as if they represented the flesh of the gods. The 16th-century chronicler Diego Durán described how birds were made with such dough, with wings, feathers and other details attached to them and painted, techniques also used by modern sugar sculptors.

• sculpture
  • Garden, §I, 3: `Three natures’: gardens, cultural landscapes and wilderness
  • Garden, §VIII, 1: Western: Introduction
  • Humanism, §3: Humanism and the visual arts
  • Rome, ancient, §IV, 1(i): Sculpture: General
  • Statue
  • conservation
    • Conservation and restoration, §I, 4: Processes and ethical considerations: Restoration
    • Conservation and restoration, §II, 2(ii): Restoration techniques: Sculpture
  • display
    • Display of art
    • Display of art, §I, 1: Top- and sidelighting
    • Display of art, §III: Sculpture
    • Museum, §I, 2: Renaissance microcosms of the world
    • Sculpture garden
    • Africa
      • Museum, §I, 7: Modern reassessments of function
    • Belgium
      • Display of art, §II, 2: Paintings, c 1500–c 1700
      • Display of art, §III, 2(iv): Sculpture, c 1500–c 1700
    • England
      • Display of art, §III, 3(i)(c): Sculpture, after c 1700
    • France
      • Display of art, §III, 3(i)(b): Sculpture, after c 1700
      • Display of art, §III, 3(ii): Sculpture, after c 1700
    • Germany
      • Museum, §II, 1: Architecture, before 1850
    • Greece, ancient
      • Collecting, §2: Sculpture
      • Display of art, §III, 1: Sculpture, before c 1500
    • Italy
      • Display of art, §III, 2(i): Sculpture, c 1500–c 1700
      • Display of art, §III, 2(iii): Sculpture, c 1500–c 1700
      • Display of art, §V: Miniatures, medals, coins and gems
      • Display of art, §III, 3: Sculpture, after c 1700
      • Florence, §II, 3: Art life and organization, after c 1800
      • Italy, §XIV, 3: Museums: The age of Neo-classicism
      • Rome, ancient, §II, 2(i)(e): Architecture in Rome and Italy: Trajan and Hadrian
  • forms
    • architectural
      • Façade decoration, §III: Sculpture
      • Africa
        • Africa, §VI, 1(iii)(e): Vernacular architecture: Decoration
      • Anatolia, ancient
        • Anatolia, ancient, §III, 2: Monumental and architectural sculpture and reliefs
        • Karatepe
      • Armenia (Europe)
        • Armenia, §IV, 1(i): Architectural sculpture, before 1828
        • Church, §III, 2(ii): Eastern architectural sculpture and brick decoration
      • Assyrian
        • Façade decoration, §III, 1: Sculpture: Ancient Egypt and Ancient Near East
      • Austria
        • Vienna, §III, 1: Art life and organization, before c 1500
      • Belgium
        • Façade decoration, §III, 4: Sculpture: High Renaissance and Baroque
        • Tournai, §4(ii): Cathedral sculpture
      • Bulgaria
        • Bulgaria, §IV, 1: Sculpture, before 1393
      • Byzantine
        • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §IV, 1: Sculpture: Introduction
        • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §IV, 2(i): Architectural stone sculpture
        • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §IV, 3: Wood sculpture
      • Champa
        • Champa, §III, 4: Sculpture, 10th century AD: Style of Mi Son A1
      • Egypt
        • Islamic art, §II, 9(i)(a): Architectural decoration: Non-figural sculpture
      • England
        • Canterbury, §III, 2: Cathedral sculpture
        • England, §IV, 4: Sculpture, c 1830–c 1914
        • Erotic art, §I, 2(i): Western world: The Middle Ages
        • Façade decoration, §III, 3: Sculpture: Medieval and early Renaissance
        • Kilpeck Church
      • England: Gothic
        • Wells, §1(ii): Cathedral sculpture
      • England: Romanesque
        • Ely Cathedral, §2: Sculpture
      • Etruscan
        • Etruscan, §I, 2(v): Major periods: Hellenistic
        • Etruscan, §I, 3(i): Religion: Deities
        • Etruscan, §I, 5(i): Subject-matter: Geometric and floral decoration
        • Etruscan, §I, 5(iv): Subject-matter: Scenes of daily life and the afterlife
        • Etruscan, §I, 5(vi): Subject-matter: Scenes inspired by Greek mythology
        • Etruscan, §III, 1: Terracotta sculpture
      • France: Baroque
        • France, §IV, 3: Sculpture, c 1600–c 1700
      • France: Gothic
        • Angers, §2(i)(b): Cathedral sculpture
        • Chartres, §I, 2(ii): Cathedral sculpture: Transepts
        • Reims, §IV, 1(ii)(b): Cathedral sculpture: West front
        • Saint-Denis Abbey, §II, 1(i): Architectural sculpture: West portals
        • Sens, §1(ii): Cathedral sculpture
      • France: Neo-classicism
        • David d’Angers, §2: 1816–41
      • France: Romanesque
        • Autun, §2(ii)(a): Cathedral sculpture: Choir
        • Autun, §2(ii)(d): Cathedral sculpture: West portal
        • Bourges, §II, 1(ii)(a): Cathedral sculpture: Lateral portals
        • Romanesque, §III, 1(ii)(a): Stone sculpture in France: Introduction
        • Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire , abbey church of, §2(i): Sculpture: Romanesque
      • France: 20th cent
        • Bourdelle, Emile-Antoine
      • Germany: Baroque
        • Schlüter, Andreas, §2: Berlin, 1694–1713
      • Germany: Gothic
        • Magdeburg, §1(ii): Cathedral sculpture
        • Münster, §1: Cathedral
        • Soest, §2(ii): St Maria zur Wiese: Sculpture
      • Gothic: Italy
        • Calendario, Filippo
        • Gothic, §III, 1(iv)(b): Italian stone sculpture: Tuscany
        • Rimini, §1(ii): S Francesco: Sculptural decoration
        • Venice, §V, 5: Scuola Grande di S Maria della Misericordia
      • Gothic: Switzerland
        • Heintz: (1) Daniel Heintz
      • Greece, ancient
        • Façade decoration, §III, 2: Sculpture: Ancient Greece and Rome
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 1(iii)(a): Architectual decoration: Façade
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 1(iii)(b): Architectural decoration: Mouldings and motifs
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 1(iii)(c): Architectural decoration: Colour
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(i)(b): Monumental sculpture: Architectural
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(ii)(c): Architectural sculpture: Subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 2(ii)(b): Middle Archaic monumental sculpture
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 4(ii): Monumental sculpture: Major collections and exhibitions
      • Greece, ancient: Archaic
        • Athens, §II, 1(ii)(a): Acropolis: Architectural sculpture
        • Corfu, §1: Archaic period, c 650–c 500 BC
      • Greece, ancient: Classical, Early
        • Athens, §II, 1(ii)(a): Acropolis: Architectural sculpture
        • Epidauros, §2: Sculpture
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 2(iii)(a): Early Classical monumental sculpture
      • Greece, ancient: Classical, High
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(i)(b): Monumental sculpture: Architectural
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(i)(b): Monumental sculpture: Architectural
      • Greece, ancient: Classical, Late
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 2(iii)(c): Late Classical monumental sculpture
      • Greece, ancient: Hellenistic
        • Athens, §I, 2(iii): History & urb. dev., 6th–1st century BC: Hellenistic
      • Greece, ancient: Sicily
        • Selinus, §2: Sculpture
      • Hinduism
        • Indian subcontinent, §V, 7(iv)(c): Sculpture, 10th–13th centuries: Central
        • Kanchipuram, §2: Temples
      • Indian subcontinent
        • Indian subcontinent, §I, 8: Concept of art
        • Indian sub., §III, 6(i)(f): 11th–16th-cent. indigenous
        • Indian subcontinent, §III, 7(ii)(f): 16th–19th-century regional architecture: South
        • Indian subcontinent, §V, 1(i): Sculpture: Architectural context
        • Thanjavur, §2: Rajarajeshvara Temple
      • Indian subcontinent: Maha-Gurjara
        • Indian sub., §III, 5(i)(c): 6th–11th-cent. indigenous
      • Indian subcontinent: Maharashtra
        • Indian sub., §III, 5(i)(d): 6th–11th-cent. indigenous
      • Indian subcontinent: Nolamba
        • Indian subcontinent, §V, 7(vi)(c): Sculpture, 7th–18th centuries: Karnataka
      • Indian subcontinent: Orissa
        • Indian subcontinent, §V, 7(v)(b): Sculpture, 7th–18th centuries: Orissa
      • Indian subcontinent: Vijayanagara period
        • Indian sub., §III, 6(i)(g): 11th–16th-cent. indigenous
      • Iran
        • Islamic art, §II, 9(i)(b): Architectural decoration: Figural sculpture
      • Ireland
        • Tuam
      • Islamic
        • Islamic art, §II, 9(i): Architectural decoration: Sculpture
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Florence, §IV, 1(iii)(b): Campanile sculpture
        • Venice, §V, 3: Scuola Grande di S Marco
      • Italy: Romanesque
        • Modena, §1(ii)(a): Cathedral sculpture: First phase
      • Italy: 13th cent.
        • Hohenstaufen: (2) Frederick II, King of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor
        • Venice, §IV, 1(ii): S Marco: Sculpture
      • Japan
        • Japan, §V, 1(i): Sculpture: Historical overview
      • Mesopotamia
        • Mesopotamia, §III, 6(i): Sculpture, c 1000–539 BC: Neo-Assyrian
      • Nubia
        • Nubia, §VI, 2: Christian period sculpture
      • Poland
        • Poland, §II, 1: Architecture, before c 1500
      • Romanesque: Austria
        • Romanesque, §III, 1(ix)(e): Stone sculpture: Austria
      • Romanesque: Scotland
        • Romanesque, §III, 1(v)(c): Stone sculpture: Scotland
      • Romanesque: Spain
        • Santiago de Compostela, §1(ii): Cathedral sculpture
      • Rome, ancient
        • Ephesos, §I, 2(i): Roman architecture
        • Rome, ancient, §IV, 1(iv)(b): Sculpture: Architectural and relief
        • Rome, ancient, §IV, 2(i): Sculpture: Republic
      • Scotland
        • Scotland, §IV, 1: Sculpture, before 1700
      • Spain: Neo-classicism
        • Spain, §IV, 4(ii): Sculpture, c 1750–c 1900: Romanticism, realism and Modernisme
      • Sri Lanka
        • Stupa, §2: Sri Lanka
      • Syria-Palestine
        • Syria-Palestine, §II, 1: Architecture: Construction, design and building types
      • Vietnam
        • Vietnam, §III, 2: Vernacular sculpture
    • monumental
      • Achaemenid
        • Achaemenid, §2: Official art
      • Albania
        • Albania, §IV: Sculpture
      • Armenia (Europe)
        • Armenia, §IV, 2: Sculpture, 1828 and after
      • Austria
        • Austria, §IV, 1: Sculpture, before c 1400: Romanesque and Gothic
        • Burnacini, Lodovico
      • Bolivia
        • Tiahuanaco, §2: Architecture
      • Buddhism
        • Central Asia, §II, 3(i): Eastern: Sculptural materials and techniques
        • Nara, §III, 4(ii)(b): Todaiji: Construction of the Daibutsu and Daibutsuden
      • Central Asia, Western
        • Central Asia, §I, 3(ii)(c): Western: Sculpture in Khwarazm, 1st century BC–4th century AD
      • China
        • China, §III, 3(i): Funerary and secular sculpture: Materials, techniques and symbolic associations
        • China, §III, 3(ii)(b): Funerary and secular sculpture: Han
        • China, §III, 3(ii)(d): Funerary and secular sculpture: Tang
      • Colombia
        • South America, Pre-Columbian, §II, 3(ii): Sculpture: Northern Andean
      • Cyprus, ancient
        • Cyprus, §II, 1(iv): Chronology: Archaic
      • Easter Island
        • Easter Island, §1: Monumental stone sculpture
      • Etruscan
        • Etruscan, §I, 2(iv): Major periods: Classical
        • Etruscan, §I, 5(ii): Subject-matter: Animal decoration
      • France
        • Gothic, §IV, 5(i): Painting: Transitional style, c 1180–1250
        • Gothic, §IV, 5(ii): Painting: Parisian and related styles, c 1240–c 1320
      • Germany
        • Begas: (2) Reinhold Begas
        • Rietschel, Ernst
      • Gran Nicoya culture
        • South America, Pre-Columbian, §II, 3(i)(b): Sculpture: Isthmian
      • Greece, ancient
        • Greece, ancient, §I, 1(iii): History: Archaic
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1: Monumental sculpture: Overview
        • Greece, ancient, §IV: Monumental sculpture
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(ii)(a): Free-standing sculpture: Subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(ii): Monumental sculpture: Subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 1(ii)(b): Free-standing reliefs: Subject-matter:
        • Nude, §1: The Classical world
      • Greece, ancient: Archaic
        • Samos, §2: Sculpture
      • Greece, ancient: Classical, Late
        • Greece, ancient, §IV, 2(iii)(c): Late Classical monumental sculpture