Type of GARDEN designed to display a collection of sculptures in an open-air courtyard or landscape setting. Its origins can be traced back to the archetypal concepts of the cave oracle, the sacred grove and the totemic figures of gods and rulers found in many parts of the world. During the time of the Roman Empire, garden courts became popular as a means by which emperors or wealthy citizens could display their collections of Greek and Egyptian statues; the garden at Hadrian’s Villa (see TIVOLI, §2(ii)) is a notable example. The recovery in Italy during the early Renaissance of statues and sculpted fragments from Classical ruins encouraged humanists to exhibit them in the manner of ancient times, and numerous Renaissance gardens were made in the spirit of revival. Pope Julius II’s statue court (1503) at the Vatican Belvedere, Rome, for example, displayed one of the best collections of antique sculptures (now housed within the Musei Vaticani), almost all of which had been recently unearthed; in other gardens of the same period, works by contemporary sculptors were often included, for example in the garden of the Villa Galli (destr.), Rome, for which Michelangelo’s Bacchus (c. 1496–8; Florence, Bargello) was specially commissioned. Sculptures thus became an important feature of European gardens, from the rock-carved figures and beasts in the Mannerist sacro bosco at the Villa Orsini (1552–80; see BOMARZO, SACRO BOSCO), and Baroque statues at the French royal gardens (see VERSAILLES, §2), to the sculptures adorning the English parks of the 18th century. During the 20th century the sculpture garden developed as a novel arena for the display of art, for which the setting might be formal or informal, urban or rural, and might take the form of a courtyard, garden, park or ‘natural’, unimproved landscape. The sculptures are equally diverse in origin and style, as they may or may not have been designed specifically to be displayed there.

• gardens
  • Flower painting, §1: Symbolism
  • Garden
  • Garden, §I, 2: Iconography and phenomenology
  • Garden, §I: Introduction
  • Garden, §II: Ancient world
  • Garden, §VII: South-east Asia
  • Garden, §VIII, 1: Western: Introduction
  • Garden, §VIII: Western
  • Garden, §VIII, 2: Western medieval
  • Garden, §VIII, 2(iv): Western medieval: Features
  • Garden, §VIII, 3: Early Renaissance
  • Garden, §VIII, 3(iii): Early Renaissance: Elsewhere
  • Garden, §VIII, 4: Western, &circa 1550–c 1800
  • Garden, §VIII, 5: After c 1800
  • historical and regional traditions
    • Afghanistan
      • Islamic art, §II, 6(i)(b): Arch.: Iran, Afghanistan 1375–c 1500
    • Ancient Near East
      • Garden, §II, 1: Ancient Near East
    • Australia
      • Garden, §VIII, 5(vi): Africa and the Americas, before c 1935
    • Austria
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(vi): Germany, Central and Eastern Europe, c 1550–c 1800
      • Vienna, §V, 7(ii): Schönbrunn: Gardens
    • Aztec
      • Garden, §II, 5: Pre-Columbian Americas
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(ix): North America, c 1550–c 1800
    • Brazil
      • Burle Marx, Roberto
      • Corrêa Lima, Attilio
    • Britain
      • Garden, §II, 4: Ancient Rome
    • Buddhism
      • Garden, §VI: East Asia
      • Garden, §VI, 3(i): Japan: Early
      • Garden, §VI, 3(ii): Japan: Medieval
      • Garden, §VI, 3(iv): Japan: Modern
      • Kyoto, §IV, 5(ii): Daitokuji: Architecture and art works
      • Kyoto, §IV, 7: Ryoanji
      • Kyoto, §IV, 8: Ginkakuji
    • Byzantine
      • Garden, §III: Byzantine lands
    • Cambodia
      • Garden, §VII, 1: Cambodia, Thailand and Indonesia
    • Central Asia, Western
      • Garden, §V, 4: Islamic lands: Iran and western Central Asia
      • Islamic art, §II, 7(iii)(b): Architecture, c 1500–c 1900: Western Central Asia
    • China
      • China, §I, 6(iii): Symbolic iconography and subject-matter
      • China, §II, 5(ii)(d): Domestic architecture: Regional and ethnic variations
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(b): Landscape painting: Theoretical writings
      • Fountain, §I: Introduction
      • Garden, §VI, 1: East Asia: China
      • Garden, §VI, 1(v): China: Qing period
      • Suzhou
      • Ming period (1368-1644)
        • Garden, §I, 4: Garden designers and landscape architects
        • Garden, §VI, 1(iv): China: Ming period
      • Qing period (1644-1911)
        • China, §II, 5(i)(c): Imperial architecture: Yuan to Qing
    • Confucianism
      • Garden, §VI, 2: Korea
    • Denmark
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(viii): Scandinavia, c 1550–c 1800
      • Jægerspris
    • Egypt
      • Garden, §V, 2: Central Islamic lands and North Africa
    • Egypt, ancient
      • Egypt, ancient, §XVI, 7: Gardens
      • Garden, §II, 2: Ancient Egypt
    • England
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv): British Isles, c 1550–c 1800
      • Garden, §VIII, 5(i): After c 1800: The plantsman’s garden
      • Hidcote Manor Garden
      • Villa, §II, 4: Renaissance and Baroque, c 1400–c 1700: Italian influences abroad
      • 16th cent.
        • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(a): British Isles: The Elizabethan garden, c 1550–1602
      • 18th cent.
        • Bridgeman, Charles
        • Brown, `Capability’, §2: Later work and royal appointment, after c 1754
        • Claremont
        • Garden, §I, 3: `Three natures’: gardens, cultural landscapes and wilderness
        • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(c): British Isles: Gardens after the Restoration, 1660–c 1700
        • Stourhead
        • Whately, Thomas
      • 19th cent.
        • Garden, §VIII, 5(ii): The gardenesque, after c 1800
        • Garden, §VIII, 5(iv): Victorian, c 1800–c 1890
        • Lutyens, Edwin, §1(i): Romantic vernacular, before c 1905
      • 20th cent.
        • Garden, §VIII, 5(v): Britain, c 1890–1945
    • France
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(ii): France, c 1550–c 1800
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(ii)(a): The development of the French Renaissance garden, c 1550–1655
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(ii)(b): André Le Nôtre and late 17th-century French garden design, 1656–c 1700
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(ii)(c): French landscape gardens in the 18th century
      • Maison du Roi, §II, 1: Role of the Bâtiments du Roi
      • Mausoleum, §VII, 1: Early 19th century
      • Renaissance
        • Garden, §VIII, 3(ii): French early Renaissance
      • 17th cent.
        • Chantilly, §1(ii): Château gardens
        • Le Nôtre, André, §1: Training, early projects and Vaux-le-Vicomte
        • Le Nôtre, André, §2: Versailles and later projects
        • Marly, château of
    • Germany
      • Herrenhausen
      • Jussow, Heinrich Christoph
      • Wörlitz
      • Baroque
        • Schleissheim, Schloss
      • Mannerism
        • Caus, de: (1) Salomon de Caus
      • Rococo
        • Rococo, §III, 1(ii): Holy Roman Empire: Maisons de plaisance and gardens
        • Veitshöchheim
      • 19th cent.
        • Muskau
    • Greece, ancient
      • Garden, §II, 3: Ancient Greece
    • Indian subcontinent
      • Garden, §IV, 1: Indian subcontinent: Early Hindu/Buddhist, before c 1200
      • Garden, §IV: Indian subcontinent
      • Bengal
        • Garden, §IV, 2: Indian subcontinent: Islamic, c 1200–c 1800
      • British-Indian
        • Garden, §IV, 3: Indian subcontinent: British–Indian and modern, c 1800 and after
      • Islamic
        • Islamic art, §II, 7(iv): Architecture, c 1500–c 1900: Indian subcontinent
      • Mughal
        • Fountain, §III: Islamic lands
        • Indian subcontinent, §III, 7(i)(a): 16th–19th-century Mughal architecture: Imperial centres
    • Ireland
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(d): British Isles: The new or `modern’ gardening, c 1700–50
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(f): British Isles: The Brownian reaction and aftermath, c 1750–c 1800
    • Islamic
      • Garden, §V, 1: Islamic lands: Introduction
      • Garden, §V: Islamic lands
      • Garden, §V, 5: Islamic lands: Anatolia and the Balkans
      • Islamic art, §I, 8(ii): Subject-matter: Religious themes
      • Islamic art, §II, 1(ii): Architecture: Building types
      • Spain
        • Garden, §V, 3: Islamic Spain
        • Garden, §V, 3(iii): Islamic Spain, c 1031–1492
    • Italy
      • Fountain, §IV, 1: Western world: Medieval
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(i): Italy, c 1550–c 1800
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(i)(b): Italy, c 1550–c 1800: Historical development
      • Villa, §II, 1: Renaissance and Baroque, c 1400–c 1700: History and development
      • Baroque
        • Frascati
      • Renaissance
        • Garden, §VIII, 3(i): Italian early Renaissance
        • Garden, §VIII, 3(i)(b): Italian early Renaissance: Villas and their gardens
        • Garden, §VIII, 3(i)(c): Italian early Renaissance: The villa and the town
        • Italy, §II, 3(ii): High Renaissance architecture, c 1500–c 1520
      • Roman
        • Rome, ancient, §II, 2(i)(e): Architecture in Rome and Italy: Trajan and Hadrian
      • 16th cent.
        • Bomarzo, Sacro Bosco
    • Japan
      • Garden, §VI, 3: Japan
      • Garden, §VI, 3(iii): Japan: Edo period
      • Japan, §XIV, 2: Tea ceremony architecture
      • Japan, §XIV, 2(iii): Tea ceremony architecture: Gardens
    • Netherlands, the
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(v): The Netherlands, c 1550–c 1800
      • Zocher, Jan David
    • Portugal
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(iii): Spain and Portugal, c 1550–c 1800
    • Rome, ancient
      • Rome, ancient, §I, 5(v): Subject-matter: Still-life and the natural world
      • Rome, ancient, §IV, 2(i): Sculpture: Republic
      • Rome, ancient, §V, 1(i)(a): Painting: Organization and setting
      • Villa, §I, 2: Roman, before c AD 450: Decoration
    • Russia
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(vii): Russia, c 1550–c 1800
    • Scotland
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(b): British Isles: Jacobean and Caroline gardens, 1603–49
    • Spain
      • Aranjuez Palace
      • Baroque
        • San Ildefonso
    • Sri Lanka
      • Sri Lanka, §III, 1(iii): Architecture: Anuradhapura period–Chola interregnum
    • United States of America
      • Garden, §VIII, 5(vii): After 1945
    • Vietnam
      • Garden, §VII, 2: South-east Asia: Vietnam
  • historiography see under HISTORIOGRAPHY ->
  • types
    • allotment
      • Garden, §I, 1: General
    • botanic
      • Botanic garden
      • Garden, §VI, 1(vi): China: After 1911
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(i)(a): Western: c. 1550–c. 1800: Italy: General characteristics
      • Moroni, Andrea
    • char bagh
      • Delhi, §III, 4: Tomb of Emperor Humayun
    • cloister
      • Garden, §VIII, 2(iii): Western medieval: Function and symbolism
    • dry-landscape
      • Japan
        • Kyoto, §IV, 2: Saihoji
        • Tsuki Katsura
    • enclosed
      • Garden, §VIII, 2(ii): Western medieval: General characteristics
    • hortus conclusus
      • Beguines, §2: Iconography
      • Landscape painting, §II, 2: Byzantium and the Middle Ages, c 2nd century AD–;c 15th century
    • jardins à la française
      • Robillon, Jean-Baptiste
    • jardins anglo-chinois
      • Chambers, William, §2: Publications
    • jardins paysagers
      • see also PARKS
    • knot gardens
      • Garden, §I, 5: Treatises and theoretical writings
    • landscape
      • Arkadia
      • Romanticism, §3(v): Manifestations in art: Architecture and planning
      • Stowe
      • Villanueva: (2) Juan de Villanueva, §2: 1781 and after
    • paradeisoi
      • Paradise
    • pleasure
      • London, §V, 6: Vauxhall Gardens
    • roof
      • Lauber & Nyiri
    • sculpture
      • Display of art, §III, 3(ii): Sculpture, after c 1700
      • Statue, §2(ii)(a): After c 1400: Public monuments: Statues for fountains and gardens
      • England
        • Display of art, §III, 3(i)(c): Sculpture, after c 1700
      • France
        • Versailles, §2: Gardens
      • Italy
        • Display of art, §III, 2(iii): Sculpture, c 1500–c 1700
        • Rome, §VII, 2(i): Sculpture gardens, 15th century and early 16th