Art form developed in Renaissance Italy. It refers to a drawing created as a finished work of art, rather than as a stage in the preparation or development of a work in another medium. The term was invented by Johannes Wilde to describe certain specific works by Michelangelo, but examples by other artists are known, and, as a whole, the existence of the type constitutes an interesting and important stage in the history of drawing.

• Italy... (cont.)
  • monuments... (cont.)
    • public... (cont.)
      • 13th cent.... (cont.)
        • Mantua, §2: Art life and organization
        • 19th cent.
          • Grandi, Giuseppe
      • triumphal arches
        • Milan, §I, 4: History and urban development, after 1714
        • Naples, §I, 3: History and urban development, 1443–c 1600
        • Naples, §IV, 4: Castelnuovo
        • Rome, §V, 12: Arch of Constantine
        • Rome, §V, 20: S Maria Maggiore
        • Triumphal arch, §2: Later history
    • mosaics
      • Florence, §III, 2: Centre of hardstone production
      • Venice, §IV, 1(iii): S Marco: Mosaics
      • Byzantine
        • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §III, 3(ii)(b): Wall painting and mosaic, 6th century
        • Early Christ. & Byz. art, §III, 4(vii): Mnmtl painting & mosaic, c 843–c 1204: S. Italy & Sicily
        • Mosaic, §II, 1(iii): Historical survey: Early Christian and Byzantine
        • Romanesque, §IV, 1(ii)(b): Wall painting: Stylistic development, after c 1130
      • Early Christian (c. AD 250-843)
        • Aquileia
        • Christianity, §III, 3(i): Iconography: Western Church, before 1500
        • Italy, §XII, 2(i): Patronage: Early Christian to early medieval, c AD 313–c 1200: Papal court
        • Milan, §II, 1: Art life and organization, before 1278
        • Rome, ancient, §VI, 2(i)(c): Wall and vault mosaics in Italy, 3rd and 4th centuries AD
        • Santa Maria Capua Vetere, §2: Early Christian church of S Prisco
      • Gothic
        • Gothic, §IV, 4(i): Painting techniques: Fresco, secco and panel
      • Renaissance
        • Mosaic, §I, 1(iii): Materials and techniques in the western world: Renaissance–20th century
      • Roman
        • Mosaic, §II, 1(i): Historical survey: Ancient Greece
        • Ostia, §2: Mosaics
        • Pompeii, §V: Mosaics
        • Praeneste, §3: Mosaics
        • Rome, ancient, §VI, 1(ii): Floor mosaics: Subject-matter and setting
        • Rome, ancient, §VI, 2(i): Wall and vault mosaics in Italy
        • Tivoli, §2(iii): Hadrian’s Villa: Mosaics
      • Romanesque
        • Monreale Cathedral, §3: Mosaics
        • Romanesque, §V, 1: Wall mosaics
        • Romanesque, §V: Mosaics
        • Romanesque, §V, 2: Floor mosaics
        • Rome, §V, 17(iii)(c): S Clemente, upper church: Mosaics
      • 12th cent.
        • Venice, §IV, 1(iii)(b): S Marco: Mosaics in the domes and interior vaults
      • 13th cent.
        • Cavallini, Pietro, §1: Life and work
        • Rusuti, Filippo
        • Torriti, Jacopo
        • Venice, §IV, 1(iii)(c): S Marco: Mosaics in the narthex and façade
      • 14th cent.
        • Cimabue, §1(iii): Late work, 1301–2
    • mouldings
      • Moulding, §III, 1: Romanesque
      • Moulding, §III, 3(i): Later Gothic: Development of types
      • Moulding, §III, 3(ii): Later Gothic: Capitals and bases
    • museums
      • Neo-classicism
        • Stern: (2) Raffaele Stern
      • Renaissance
        • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §I, 3(ii): Years of maturity, 1553–74
      • sculpture
        • Rovere, della (i): (1) Pope Sixtus IV
      • 17th cent.
        • Cesi
      • 18th cent.
        • Museum, §II, 1: Architecture, before 1850
    • musical instruments
      • Russolo, Luigi
    • narratives
      • Narrative art, §V, 3: Western world: Late medieval and later
      • Pithekoussai
      • Renaissance
        • Carpaccio: (1) Vittore Carpaccio, §2(i): Narrative cycles
    • necropoleis
      • Cerveteri
      • Orvieto, §1: Volsinii Veteres
    • nestoroi
      • Greece, ancient, §V, 6(ii)(a): South Italian Red-figure pottery: Lucanian
    • niello
      • Finiguerra, Maso
    • nude figures
      • Baroque
        • Albani, Francesco, §1(iii): Bologna, after 1617
        • Cairo, Francesco, §1(ii): 1639–47: Further activity in Lombardy and Turin
        • Carracci, §II: (3) Annibale Carracci, §I, 1(i): Paintings: Bologna, 1560–95
        • Carracci, §II: (3) Annibale Carracci, §I, 1(ii)(b): Paintings: Rome, 1595–1601
        • Furini, Francesco
        • Maratti, Carlo, §2(i)(b): Subject compositions: Mature years, 1662–c 1680
        • Reni, Guido, §IV: Character and personality
        • Ricci (i): (1) Sebastiano Ricci, §1(iii): Venice, Vienna and Florence, 1696–1711
        • Saraceni, Carlo, §1: Training and early works, c 1598–c 1610
      • Mannerism
        • Allori: (1) Alessandro Allori
        • Bronzino, Agnolo, §1(ii)(a): Court artist to Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici, 1539–60
        • Correggio, §1(ii)(c): Mythological paintings, 1520 and after
        • Giorgione, §I, 1(iii)(a): Early sources: Michiel
        • Mannerism, §3(v): Formal language: Anti-classicism and subjective expression
        • Sustris: (1) Lambert Sustris
        • Titian, §I, 1: Training and early work, to 1515
      • Neo-classicism
        • Müller, Friedrich
      • Renaissance
        • Bellini: (3) Giovanni Bellini, §II, 3: Style and development, c 1500–1516
        • Botticelli, Sandro, §I, 2: Life and work, c 1478–90
        • Botticelli, Sandro, §II, 1(iii): Mars and Venus
        • Giocondo, Giovanni
        • Lorenzo di Credi, §2: c 1480–1500
        • Perugino, §I, 3: Life and work, 1482–c 1495
        • Pollaiuolo, §I: (1) Antonio Pollaiuolo, §2: Small bronzes
        • Signorelli, Luca, §1(ii)(a): Paintings, 1450–88
        • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §I, 3(iii): Years of maturity, 1553–74
        • Wall painting, §II, 2(iii): Conservation treatment: Restoration
      • Rome, ancient
        • Tivoli, §2(ii): Hadrian’s Villa: Sculpture
      • 16th cent.
        • Fiammingo, Paolo
        • Figino, Ambrogio
        • Girolamo da Treviso (ii)
      • 18th cent.
        • Subleyras, Pierre, §2: Maturity in Rome, late 1728 to mid-1746
    • oil sketches
      • Gaulli, Giovanni Battista, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Veronese, Paolo, §I, 1(i): Verona, to 1553: Training and first works
    • oliphants
      • Oliphant
    • orders (architecture)
      • Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(a): Renaissance and after: Re-creation of Roman orders
      • Corinthian
        • Cesariano, Cesare, §2: The Di Lucio Vitruvio Pollione de Architectura and late work, 1521 and after
        • Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(c): Renaissance and after: Invention of new orders
      • Doric
        • Bramante, Donato, §I, 3(i): Rome, 1500–14
      • giant
        • Orders, architectural, §II, 3: Giant order: Renaissance and after
    • organ shutters
      • Organ shutters, §2: Imagery
      • Tura, Cosimo, §1(ii): Life and work, 1459–70
    • ornament
      • Ornament and pattern, §II, 4(i): Western Baroque: Italy
      • Ornament and pattern, §II, 6: Western Neo-classical
    • overdoors
      • Overdoor
    • painting
      • Italy, §III: Painting
      • Italy, §III, 1: Painting: Ancient, 8th century BC to late Roman
      • Italy, §III, 2: Painting: Early Christian and medieval
      • Italy, §III, 6: Neo-classical to early modernist painting, c 1750–c 1900
      • Oil painting, §2(i): 12th–15th centuries
      • Panel painting, §2(i): Wood types and preparation
      • Panel painting, §3(i): Conservation: Support
      • Panel painting, §3(ii): Conservation: Consolidation and transfer
      • Panel painting, §3(iii): Conservation: Reconstruction
      • Tempera, §1(i): Early use, to c 1400
      • allegorical
        • Allegory of art, §3: Kunstkammern
        • Baroque
          • Pellegrini, Giovanni Antonio, §3: Later works, 1713–41
          • Scarsellino
          • Tiepolo: (1) Giambattista Tiepolo, §I, 5: Spain, 1762–70
        • Mannerism
          • Venice, §IV, 6(ii): Doge’s Palace: Painting and decoration
        • Renaissance
          • Botticelli, Sandro, §I, 1: Life and work, to c 1478
          • Dossi: (1) Dosso Dossi, §1: Early works, to c 1522
          • Raphael, §I, 1(i): Paintings and drawings: Urbino, to 1504
          • Sarto, Andrea del, §1(ii): Life and work, 1511–18
          • Spalliera, §1: Function and arrangement
        • 14th cent.
          • Pacino di Bonaguida
        • 16th cent.
          • Palma: (1) Palma Vecchio
        • 17th cent.
          • Boulogne, Valentin de, §2: Works and stylistic development
          • Fetti, Domenico, §1(ii): Mantua, 1614–22
          • Mellin, Charles
        • 18th cent.
          • Ceccarini, Sebastiano
          • Subleyras, Pierre, §3: Last years, late 1746 to 1749, and posthumous reputation
        • 19th cent.
          • Palizzi: (1) Giuseppe Palizzi
          • Pellizza da Volpedo, Giuseppe, §2: Divisionism
          • Pellizza da Volpedo, Giuseppe, §3: Social themes and symbolism
      • animal subjects
        • Fattori, Giovanni, §2: Middle period paintings, 1861–83
        • Longhi (iii): (1) Pietro Longhi
      • architectural
        • Architectural pictures, §1: Before c 1550
        • Architectural pictures, §3: After c 1700
      • Baroque
        • Cagnacci, Guido
        • Cavallino, Bernardo, §1(i): Probable training and early works, c 1630–early 1640s
        • Italy, §III, 5(i): Baroque & Rococo painting, c 1600–c 1750: Bologna & Emilia Romagna
        • Italy, §III, 5(ii)(b): High Baroque painting, c 1620–c 1650: Rome
      • battle
        • Battle pictures and military scenes, §1(i): The 16th century: The heroic battle piece
        • Battle pictures and military scenes, §2(i): The 17th century to the late 18th: Land warfare
        • Morone: (1) Domenico Morone
        • Baroque
          • Liberi, Pietro
        • Renaissance
          • Uccello, Paolo, §1(ii): Middle years, 1443–c 1460
        • 16th cent.
          • Falcone, Aniello
      • cabinet pictures
        • Lauri, Filippo
      • ceiling
        • Baroque
          • Baldini , Pietro Paolo
        • Mannerism
          • Veronese, Paolo, §I, 2(i): Venice and Verona, 1553–60: Major decorative commissions
        • Renaissance
          • Medici, de’: (14) Cosimo I de’ Medici
        • Roman
          • Rome, ancient, §V, 2(i)(b): Painting in Italy: Post-Pompeian
        • 17th cent.
          • Bagnaia, Villa Lante
          • Tassi, Agostino
      • di sotto in sù
        • Illusionism, §2(i)(a): Large-scale projects, c 1450–c 1600
      • Etruscan
        • Genre, §1: Ancient Greece and Rome
      • fêtes champêtres
        • Fête champêtre, §2: 16th–17th centuries
        • Toeput, Lodewijk
      • fresco
        • Fresco
        • Guglielmi, Gregorio
        • Martini, Simone, §II: Working methods and studio organization
        • Masolino
        • Secco
        • Baroque
          • Castello (ii): (2) Valerio Castello, §1(ii)(b): Fresco cycles, c 1646–59
          • Cortona, Pietro da, §I, 1(ii): Paintings: Rome and Florence, c 1630–47
          • Domenichino, §1(iv): Rome, 1621–31
          • Ferri, Ciro, §2: Rome, 1669–89
          • Fiasella, Domenico
          • Guercino, §1(ii): Rome and Cento, 1621–42
          • Italy, §III, 5(v): Baroque and Rococo painting, c 1600–c 1750: Lombardy and North Italy
          • Lanfranco, Giovanni, §5: Rome, 1625–34
          • Lanfranco, Giovanni, §6: Naples, 1634–46
          • Sacchi, Andrea, §1(ii)(a): Mature work, 1629–53: Subject paintings
          • Solimena: (2) Francesco Solimena, §1(iii)(a): Classical and late style, 1696 and after: Subject paintings
          • Tavarone, Lazzaro
          • Tiepolo: (1) Giambattista Tiepolo, §I, 3: Years in Würzburg, 1750–53
        • Benedictine Order
          • Signorelli, Luca, §1(ii)(b): Paintings, 1488–1502
        • Carmelite Order
          • Carmelite Order, §1: Iconography
        • Early Christian (c. AD 250-843)
          • Castelseprio
        • Etruscan
          • Etruscan, §V, 1: Painting: Introduction
        • Franciscan Order
          • Franciscan Order, §II, 1: Iconography: St Francis
          • Giotto, §I, 3(iii)(a): Assisi and related works: The Assisi debate
          • Martini, Simone, §I, 2(iii): Siena, Naples and Assisi, c 1315–20: The chapel of S Martino, S Francesco, Assisi
        • Gothic