Art form developed in Renaissance Italy. It refers to a drawing created as a finished work of art, rather than as a stage in the preparation or development of a work in another medium. The term was invented by Johannes Wilde to describe certain specific works by Michelangelo, but examples by other artists are known, and, as a whole, the existence of the type constitutes an interesting and important stage in the history of drawing.

• Italy... (cont.)
  • drawings... (cont.)
    • mythological... (cont.)
      • Baroque
        • Ferrari, de’: (1) Gregorio de’ Ferrari
    • pastel
      • Carriera, Rosalba
    • presentation
      • Lippi: (2) Filippino Lippi, §1(iv): Late works, 1494 and after
    • religious
      • Ghirlandaio: (1) Domenico Ghirlandaio, §II, 1: Technique
      • Rome, §III, 4(ii): Art life and organization, 1550–1600
    • silverpoints
      • Drawing, §III, 2(iii): Metalpoint
    • wash
      • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §II: Working methods and technique
      • Wash
    • 16th cent.
      • Pontormo, Jacopo da
      • Rome, §VII, 2(i): Sculpture gardens, 15th century and early 16th
    • 18th cent.
      • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, §2(ii): Working methods and technique: Drawings
  • dress
    • Dress, §IV, 3: 13th century
    • Dress, §V, 1(i): Southern Europe, 14th century
    • Dress, §V, 1(ii): Southern Europe, 15th century
  • drypoints
    • Drypoint, §2: History
  • écorchés
    • Ecorché
  • education (architectural)
    • Italy, §XVI: Art education
  • education (art)
    • Nude, §3: Baroque, Rococo and Neo-classicism, 1600–1800
  • effigies
    • Bambaia
    • Solari (i): (5) Cristoforo Solari
  • emblem books
    • Emblem book
  • emblems
    • Emblem book, §2: History
    • Heraldry, §II, 3: Western ecclesiastical
    • Rome, ancient, §VI, 1(iii)(a): Floor mosaics: Italy
  • embossing
    • Etruscan, §I, 2(ii): Major periods: Orientalizing
  • embroidery
    • Gothic, §IX, 2(i): Tapestry and embroidery: Production
    • Sampler
  • enamel
    • Italy, §X, 5: Niello and enamel
    • basse taille
      • Guccio di Mannaia
    • cloisonné
      • Cross, §III, 2(i): Pectoral: Byzantine and medieval
    • Early Christian (c. AD 250-843)
      • Reliquary, §I, 3: Merovingian and Carolingian
    • Renaissance
      • Terracotta, §II, 2(i)(b): History and uses in the Western world: Sculpture, before the 17th century
    • 15th cent.
      • Venice, §III, 3(i): Centre of glass production, before 1500
    • 16th cent.
      • Arms and armour, §II, 1(ii): European edged weapons, 1450–1630
  • encyclopedias
    • Pozzo, dal: (1) Cassiano dal Pozzo
  • engravings
    • Engraving, §II, 2(ii): Italy, c 1430–c 1500
    • Engraving, §II, 5(i): Pure and mixed reproductive engraving, c 1750–c 1900
    • allegorical
      • Savoy, §II: (3) Charles-Emanuel I, 11th Duke of
    • architectural
      • Galli-Bibiena: (1) Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena
      • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, §1(iii): Archaeology and the mature vedute, 1747–60
    • Baroque
      • Palermo, §I, 2: Later history
      • Ribera, Jusepe de, §1(i): Life and work, before 1632
    • bird's-eye views
      • Pesaro (i), §1: History and urban development
      • Urban planning, §III, 1: c 1450–c 1800: Planning theory
    • Renaissance
      • Campagnola: (1) Giulio Campagnola
      • Giovanni Antonio da Brescia
      • Iconography and iconology, §III, 1(ii): Analysis of motifs, themes and types: Transformations
      • Nude, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance, to 1600
      • Pollaiuolo, §I: (1) Antonio Pollaiuolo, §5: Engravings
      • Raimondi, Marcantonio, §2: From c 1510
      • Raphael, §I, 1(iii)(c): Engravings by Raimondi and works outside the Vatican: Rome, 1508&ndash20
    • topographical views
      • Bologna, §I, 1: History and urban development, before c 1400
    • 16th cent.
      • Cort, Cornelis
      • Engraving, §II, 3(i)(b): Major exponents and their influences, c 1500–c 1600: Raimondi
      • Fontana (iv): (2) Domenico Fontana, §1(ii): Work for Sixtus V, 1585–91
      • Prints, §III, 5: Technical processes: Mixed and experimental
      • Reproduction of works of art, §2(i): 15th–17th centuries
      • Vico, Enea
    • 17th cent.
      • Mantua, §1(ii): History and urban development, 1328–1707
      • Tempesta, Antonio
    • 18th cent.
      • Italy, §XIV, 3: Museums: The age of Neo-classicism
      • Milani, Aureliano
      • Padua, §1(ii): History and urban development, 1405 and later
      • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista
    • 19th cent.
      • Bergamo, §1: History and urban development
  • erotic art
    • Erotic art, §I, 2(ii): Western world, c 1500–c 1700
    • Giustiniani (i): (2) Vincenzo Giustiniani
  • espresso machines
    • Ponti, Gio
  • etchings
    • Etching, §II, 1(ii): Origins: Italy
    • Etching, §II, 2(i): 17th century: France and Italy
    • Baroque
      • Castiglione: (1) Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, §1(iii): Genoa and Rome, 1639–51
      • Italy, §III, 5: Baroque and Rococo painting, c 1600–c 1750
    • 16th cent.
      • Procaccini: (2) Camillo Procaccini, §2: Activity in Lombardy, 1588–1629
    • 17th cent.
      • Barberini: (4) Antonio Barberini
      • Biscaino, Bartolomeo
      • Rosa, Salvator, §1(iii): Rome, 1649–62
      • Testa, Pietro, §2: Final Roman period, 1637–50
    • 18th cent.
      • Canaletto, §1(iii): Etchings and capriccios, 1740–45
      • Etching, §II, 3: 18th century
      • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, §1(iv)(b): The Carceri, and architectural and design commissions, 1760–69
      • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, §1(v): Restoration, later vedute, Pompeii & Paestum, 1769–78
      • Veduta, §1(ii): Rome
    • 19th cent.
      • Fontanesi, Antonio, §2: Landscapes and etchings, 1855–66
  • ewers
    • Ornament and pattern, §II, 3(ii): Western Renaissance and Mannerist
  • exchanges
    • Vignola, Jacopo, §1(iii)(b): Late work, after c 1549: Farnese family commissions
  • exedrae
    • Brunelleschi, Filippo, §I, 1(ix): Lantern and exedrae of Florence Cathedral
  • exhibitions
    • Industrial design, §4(iii): After 1945: Italy
    • photographs
      • Alinari
    • 17th cent.
      • Rospigliosi
  • ex-votos
    • Italy, §X, 3: Wax modelling
  • façade decoration
    • Façade decoration, §I: Painting
    • Façade decoration, §I, 1: Painting: History and development
    • Façade decoration, §II: Sgraffito
    • Façade decoration, §III, 3: Sculpture: Medieval and early Renaissance
    • Façade decoration, §III, 4: Sculpture: High Renaissance and Baroque
    • Rainerius
  • façades
    • Brick, §II, 3(i)(a): Italy, before 1600
    • Gothic
      • Ancona
    • Gothic Revival
      • Selvatico, Pietro, §2: Mature work, 1847–80
    • Renaissance
      • Rimini, §1(i): S Francesco: Architecture
      • Sansovino: (1) Jacopo Sansovino, §1(iii)(a): Venice, after 1527: Architecture
      • Urbino, §4: Palazzo Ducale
    • 17th cent.
      • Borromeo: (2) Federico Borromeo
  • factories
    • Figini and Pollini
  • fans
    • Fan, §VIII: Europe
  • fibulae
    • Gold, §2(iii): Techniques: Decorating
  • figurines
    • Italy, §VII, 2(ii): Porcelain, 1720–75
    • Palaeolithic
      • Prehistoric Europe, §II, 3(i)(a): Palaeolithic portable art: Production, context and function of figurines
    • Renaissance
      • Cozzarelli: (2) Giacomo Cozzarelli
    • 18th cent.
      • Nativity group
  • fonts (baptismal)
    • Font, §4: Renaissance
  • fora
    • Forum
  • fortifications
    • Etruscan, §II, 4: Cities, fortifications and other structures
  • foundations
    • Ponte, Antonio da
  • fountains
    • Garden, §VIII, 3(i)(b): Italian early Renaissance: Villas and their gardens
    • Garden, §VIII, 4(i): Italy, c 1550–c 1800
    • Garden, §VIII, 4(i)(b): Italy, c 1550–c 1800: Historical development
    • Baroque
      • Fountain, §IV, 3: Western world: Baroque
      • Italy, §IV, 4(i): Baroque sculpture, c 1600–c 1750: Rome
      • Monument, public, §4: Renaissance, Mannerism and Baroque
      • Salvi, Nicola
    • Gothic
      • Fountain, §IV, 1: Western world: Medieval
    • Mannerism
      • Fountain, §IV, 2: Western world: Renaissance
    • Renaissance
      • Italy, §IV, 3(iii)(a): Mannerist sculpture, c 1530–c 1600: Florence
      • Ligorio, Pirro, §3: Tivoli and Ferrara
    • Roman
      • Garden, §II, 4: Ancient Rome
      • Rome, ancient, §VI, 2(i)(b): Wall and vault mosaics in Italy, mid-1st century AD–2nd century
    • Romanesque
      • Romanesque, §III, 1(vi)(e): Stone sculpture: Tuscany
    • stile liberty
      • Italy, §II, 5(i): Neo-classical to early Modernist arch., c 1750–c 1900: Rome & South Italy
    • 16th cent.
      • Porta, Giacomo della, §2: Other public works in Rome
      • Tribolo, Niccolò
  • framemakers
    • Frame, §II, 3(iii): Italian Renaissance: Craftsmen and workshops
  • frames
    • Frame, §I, 2: Stylistic overview
    • Frame, §I, 3: Introduction: Purpose
    • Frame, §II: Italy
    • Frame, §II, 3: Italian Renaissance
    • Frame, §II, 3(iv): Italian Renaissance: Cassetta frames
    • Frame, §II, 3(v): Italian Renaissance: Tondo frames
    • Frame, §II, 3(vi): Italian Renaissance: Compound profile frames
    • Frame, §II, 4: Italian Mannerist
    • Frame, §II, 4(i): Italian Mannerist: The `Sansovino’ frame
    • Frame, §II, 4(ii): Italian Mannerist: Auricular and leaf frames
    • Frame, §II, 5: Italian Baroque
    • Frame, §II, 6: Italian Rococo
    • Frame, §II, 7: Italian Neo-classical and Empire
  • friezes
    • Etruscan, §III, 3: Stone sculpture
    • Metapontion, §2: Sculpture
    • Rome, §V, 7: Trajan’s Column
    • Rome, ancient, §IV, 1(iv)(b): Sculpture: Architectural and relief
  • frontispieces
    • Bordon, Benedetto
    • Cavaceppi, Bartolomeo
    • Niccolò di Giacomo da Bologna
    • Pozzo, dal
    • Rome, §VI: Accademia di S Luca
  • furniture
    • Italy, §VI: Furniture
    • Italy, §X, 2: Tortoiseshell
    • Portugal, §V: Interior decoration
    • Portugal, §VI, 3: Furniture, c 1700–1800
    • Scagliola
    • Surrealism
      • Italy, §V, 7: Interior decoration, after 1900
    • 19th cent.
      • Palagi, Pelagio
  • galleries (iv) (art)
    • Turin, §II: Art life and organization
    • Baroque
      • Italy, §XIV, 2: Museums: The Renaissance and Baroque gallery
    • picture
      • Rome, §III, 6(ii): Art life and organization, 1701–1800: Patronage and collections
  • garden design
    • Garden, §VIII, 3(i): Italian early Renaissance
  • gardens
    • Villa, §II, 1: Renaissance and Baroque, c 1400–c 1700: History and development
    • Baroque
      • Frascati
    • botanic
      • Botanic garden
      • Garden, §VIII, 4(i)(a): Western: c. 1550–c. 1800: Italy: General characteristics
    • hortus conclusus
      • Garden, §VIII, 3(i)(c): Italian early Renaissance: The villa and the town
    • Roman
      • Rome, ancient, §II, 2(i)(e): Architecture in Rome and Italy: Trajan and Hadrian