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	Parmigianino [Mazzola, Girolamo Francesco Maria] (b Parma, 11 Jan 1503; d Casalmaggiore, 24 Aug 1540). Italian painter, draughtsman and printmaker. Beginning a career that was to last only two decades, he moved from precocious success in the shadow of Correggio in Parma to be hailed in the Rome of Clement VII as Raphael reborn. There he executed few large-scale works but was introduced to printmaking. After the Sack of Rome in 1527, he returned to northern Italy, where in his final decade he created some of his most markedly Mannerist works. Equally gifted as a painter of small panels and large-scale frescoes both sacred and profane, he was also one of the most penetrating portrait painters of his age. Throughout his career he was a compulsive draughtsman, not only of preparatory studies for paintings and prints, but also of scenes from everyday life and of erotica.
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	Parmigianino Anselmi, Michelangelo Italy, §XIII, 1: Collecting and dealing: Middle Ages–17th century Mazzola Rome, §III, 4(i): Art life and organization, 1503–49 attributions Bedoli, Girolamo Mazzola Savoy, §II: (2) Emanuel-Philibert, 10th Duke of collaboration Antonio da Trento Correggio, §1(ii)(a): Frescoes, 1520 and after drawings Drawing, §IV, 3: Renaissance Ekphrasis, §4: Ekphrasis in the Renaissance West groups and movements Mannerism, §5: Spread and development paintings ceiling Parma, §2(iii): S Maria della Steccata mythological Nude, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance, to 1600 portraits Antiquaries and antiquarian societies, §1: 16th century and before religious Italy, §III, 4(ii): High Renaissance and Mannerist painting, c 1500–c 1600: Rome Italy, §III, 4(iv): High Renaissance & Mannerist painting, c 1500–c 1600: Other schools & artists Mannerism, §3(ii): Formal language: Spiritual intensity Mannerism, §3(iii): Formal language: Space Mannerism, §3(v): Formal language: Anti-classicism and subjective expression Organ shutters, §2: Imagery Parma, §1: History and urban development patrons and collectors Borromeo, Federico, Cardinal Borromeo: (2) Federico Borromeo Carraquiri, Nazario Carraquiri, Nazario Coke, Thomas, 1st Earl of Leicester of the 1st creation (1697-1759) Coke: (1) Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester Doria-Pamphili (family) Doria, §Roman: branch Este (i) (family) Modena Faesch, Johann Jakob Faesch: (3) Johann Jakob Faesch Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany (reg 1587-1609) Medici, de’: (28) Ferdinando de’ Medici Ford, Richard Ford, Richard Francesco I, 8th Duke of Modena and Reggio (reg 1629-58) Este (i): (16) Francesco I d’Este Gondi (family) Gondi Jabach, Everard Jabach, Everard, §3: Later life and second collection, after 1671 Lanier, Nicholas Lanier, Nicholas Lely, Peter Lely, Peter, §3: Collection Leoni, Leone Leoni: (1) Leone Leoni Medici, Giovanni Carlo de', Cardinal (1611-63) Medici, de’: (23) Giovanni Carlo de’ Medici Medinaceli, Luís de la Cerda Fernández de Córdoba Folch de Cardona y Aragón, 9th Duque de (1660-1711) Medinaceli: (1) 9th Duque de Medinaceli Morrison, James Morrison, James Ottley, William Young Ottley, William Young Pérez, Antonio (?1540-1611) Pérez, Antonio (ii) Périer, Casimir Périer, Casimir Reynolds, Joshua Reynolds, Joshua, §IV: Collecting and dealing Richelieu, Louis-François Armand-Jean Vignerod du Plessis, Duc de (1629-1715) Richelieu (ii): (2) Duc de Richelieu Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (reg 1576-1612) Habsburg, §I: (10) Rudolf II, §3: Collections Ruffo, Tommaso, Cardinal, Archbishop of Ferrara Ruffo: (2) Tommaso Ruffo Seilern, Antoine, Count Seilern, Antoine Serra, Giovan Francesco, Marqués di Cassano Serra, Giovan Francesco Thibaudeau, Narcisse-Adolphe, Comte de Thibaudeau, Narcisse-Adolphe Udney, John Udney: (2) John Udney Urban VIII, Pope (reg 1623-44) Barberini: (1) Urban VIII, §1: Education and early patronage, to 1622 Vasari, Giorgio (1511-74) Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §IV: Collection Vittoria, Alessandro Vittoria, Alessandro, §1(i): Training and early years, to c. 1560 Waldegrave, William, 1st Baron Radstock Waldegrave, William Zanetti, Anton Maria (Girolamo) (i), Conte (1680-1767) Drawing, §V: Collections Zanetti, Anton Maria (Alesandro) (ii) (1706-78) Zanetti: (1) Anton Maria Zanetti (i) prints Etching, §II, 1(i): Origins: Germany and the Netherlands Etching, §II, 1(ii): Origins: Italy Prints, §III, 6(ii)(a): Colour printing, 15th–18th centuries Reproduction of works of art, §2(i): 15th–17th centuries Vicentino, Niccolò Woodcut, chiaroscuro, §1: Materials and techniques Woodcut, chiaroscuro, §2: History pupils Post-Byzantine art, §II, 1(ii): Crete, mainland Greece, the Ionian Islands and the Cyclades: Icons reproductive prints by others Carpi, Ugo da Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Carracci, Agostino Carracci, §II: (2) Agostino Carracci Fantuzzi, Antonio Fantuzzi, Antonio Place, Francis Place, Francis Sadeler, Aegidius, II (1570-1629) Sadeler: (4) Aegidius Sadeler II Sadeler, Jan, I (1550-1600) Sadeler: (1) Jan Sadeler I Tiepolo, Giambattista Tiepolo: (1) Giambattista Tiepolo, §I, 2(ii): Activity in Milan, Venice and the Veneto, 1732–50 Vico, Enea Erotic art, §I, 2(ii): Western world, c 1500–c 1700 Vico, Enea

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