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	Le Corbusier [Jeanneret, Charles-Edouard] (b La Chaux de Fonds, 6 Oct 1887; d Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, Alps-Maritimes, France, 27 Aug 1965). Swiss architect, urban planner, painter, writer, designer and theorist, active mostly in France. In the range of his work and in his ability to enrage the establishment and surprise his followers, he was matched in the field of modern architecture perhaps only by Frank Lloyd Wright. He adopted the pseudonym Le Corbusier for his architectural work c. 1920 and for his paintings c. 1930. His visionary books, startling white houses and terrifying urban plans set him at the head of the MODERN MOVEMENT in the 1920s, while in the 1930s he became more of a complex and sceptical explorer of cultural and architectural possibilities. After World War II he frequently shifted position, serving as ‘Old Master’ of the establishment of modern architecture and as unpredictable and charismatic leader for the young. Most of his great ambitions (urban and housing projects) were never fulfilled. However, the power of his designs to stimulate thought is the hallmark of his career. Before he died, he established the Fondation Le Corbusier in Paris to look after and make available to scholars his library, architectural drawings, sketches and paintings.
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	Le Corbusier CIAM, §1: 1928–46 Classicism, §7: 20th century: Post-modernism Costa, Lúcio Czech Republic, §II, 3: Architecture, 1780s and after Design, §2: 20th century Fascism, §2: Art and architecture Fischer, Theodor France, §II, 5(ii): Developments in Modernist architecture and the great exhibitions, after c 1914 France, §II, 5(iii): Architecture, after c 1914: Post-war reconstruction France, §III, 6(i): Painting & graphic arts, after c 1914: The rappel à l’ordre Gray, Eileen Hoffmann, Josef, §3: Character and personality Ibler, Drago Indian subcontinent, §VIII, 8: Furniture Islamic art, §I, 1(iii): Definition: Objections MARS Group Martienssen, Rex Neuchâtel Switzerland, §I: Introduction architecture Ahmadabad, §3: Buildings France, §II, 5(i): Architecture, after c 1914: Purism, Cubism and the Modern Movement France, §XII, 5: Patronage: 19th and 20th centuries Hellerau International Style Paris, §II, 6(ii): Urban development, 1919–45 Roof, §1: Introduction Russia, §III, 3(i): Architecture, 1917–c 1945 Stuttgart, §1: History and urban development Tension structure, §2: Modern tensile architecture Town hall, §1: Introduction ecclesiastical buildings Chapel, §2: Decoration Chapter house, §2: Decoration Church, §III, 4(i): Post-Reformation decoration: Roman Catholic Cloister Concrete, §II, 1(i)(b): After c 1850: Reinforced concrete Lighting, §2(i): After c 1800: Natural lighting Richier, Germaine exhibition architecture Exhibition architecture, §3(i): Exhibitions of 1925–40: Paris, Barcelona and London Exhibition architecture, §4: Developments since 1945 France, §V, 6: Interior decoration, after c 1890 Germany, §II, 7(ii): Architecture, after World War II Léger, Fernand, §1(iii): Life and work, 1918–26 Modern Movement, §3: De Stijl to Der Ring, 1917–25 government buildings Brazil, §IV, 2(ii): Architecture: Modernism, 1920–60 Burle Marx, Roberto Government building, §2: 1900 and after Rio de Janeiro houses Artist’s house, §3: The 20th century Belgium, §II, 5: Architecture, after c 1890 Belgium, §III, 1(i): Wall and panel painting, before 1400 Iommi, Ennio Lighting, §2(ii)(b): After c 1800: Uses of artificial lighting Piloti Purism, §2: Architecture Switzerland, §II, 2: Architecture: Advent and development of Modernism, c 1900 and after Villa, §IV: After c 1800 Zurich, §1(ii): History and urban development, c 1700 and after Villa Savoye Glass, §IV, 2(iii): Uses: Architecture, 1914 and after Pier (ii), §2: History and development housing Fourierism Geneva, §1: History and urban development Rationalized construction, §2(ii): Prefabrication: The housing problem Tenement building, §2: Europe and North America Cité Frugès Bordeaux, §1(ii): History and urban development, c 1700 and after Polychromy, §1(ii): Architecture, after c 1800 Unité d'Habitation Brutalism CIAM, §2: 1947–59 Concrete, §II, 2: History and uses: Sculpture Marseille, §1(ii): Modern city law courts Law court, §2: From c 1860 museums Chad Republic Matsukata, Kojiro Museum, §II, 2: Architecture, 1850–1940 Skopje university buildings Boston, §I, 4: History and urban development, after 1918 urban planning Bogotá, Santa Fe de, §2: 1819 and after Chandigarh, §1: History and urban development Colombia, §III, 2(ii): Architecture: After independence, after 1930 Drew, Jane B. India, §II: Architecture Nowicki, Matthew Torres i Clavé, Josep Urban planning, §V, 4: c 1890–1945: Functionalism Urban planning, §V, 5: c 1890–1945: A new policy for the centre assistants Argentina, §II, 3: Architecture, after c 1920 Horst Neidhardt, Juraj Sert, Josep Lluís book illustrations Tériade collaboration Baungart, Emilio Bahiana, Elisiário Bodiansky, Vladimir Bodiansky, Vladimir Bonet, Antonio Uruguay, §III: Architecture Botta, Mario Botta, Mario Braem, René Braem, René Chowdhury, Eulie Chowdhury, Eulie Frey, Albert Kocher and Frey GATEPAC (Grupo de Artistas y Técnicos Españoles para el Progreso de la Arquitectura Contemporánea) Barcelona, §I, 2: History and urban development, 1850 and after GATEPAC Harrison and Abramovitz Harrison and Abramovitz Jeanneret, Pierre Jeanneret, Pierre Karfík, Vladimír Karfík, Vladimír Kolli, Nikolay (Dzhemsovich) Kolli, Nikolay Lods, Marcel Lods, Marcel Moreira, Jorge (Machado) Moreira, Jorge Niemeyer (Soares Filho), Oscar Niemeyer, Oscar, §1: Education and early work, to c 1940 Niemeyer, Oscar, §2: Pampulha to Caracas, 1940–55 Ozenfant, Amédée Mural, §1(i): Europe, c 1810–c 1930 Ozenfant, Amédée Perret, Auguste Perret, §2: Structural classicism, 1905–c 1930 Pingusson, Georges-Henri Pingusson, Georges-Henri Prouvé, Jean Prouvé: (2) Jean Prouvé Reidy, Affonso Eduardo Reidy, Affonso Eduardo Roth, Alfred Roth: (2) Alfred Roth Sakakura, Junzo Sakakura, Junzo Savina, Jo(seph) Savina, Jo Vilar, Antonio Ubaldo Vilar, Antonio Ubaldo Williams, Amancio Williams, Amancio Yoshizaka, Takamasa Yoshizaka, Takamasa competitions Competition, §I, 4: Architecture, after 1900 dealers René, Denise drawings Architectural drawing, §2(iii): 19th century and after furniture Chromium France, §VI, 6: Furniture, after 1914 Sofa Thonet, Michael groups and movements Allianz Allianz ATBAT ATBAT Bauhaus Bauhaus, §1: Weimar period, 1919–c 1925 Cercle et Carré Cercle et Carré CIAM CIAM Guévrékian, Gabriel Modern Movement, §4: Towards an international style, 1926–32 CIRPAC CIRPAC Cubism Puteaux group Deutscher Werkbund Deutscher Werkbund, §2: Functionalism and Neue Sachlichkeit, 1920–30 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, §2: Europe, 1919–1938 Functionalism Functionalism Modern Movement Modern Movement, §2: Deutscher Werkbund and the aesthetics of Functionalism, c 1907–16 Purism Abstract art, §3: European movements of the 1920s Cubism, §II: Architecture Machine aesthetic Purism Purism, §1: Painting Rationalism (ii) (style) Rationalism (ii) Union des Artistes Modernes Union des Artistes Modernes methods Architectural proportion, §III, 2: The 20th century Brise-soleil Greece, ancient, §II, 3(iv): Architectural theory and design: Module Human proportion, §4: The golden section Science and art, §2(i): Mathematics and visual harmony patrons and collectors Stein: (1) Michael Stein personal collection Bauchant, André pupils Backström & Reinius Indian subcontinent, §III, 1(i)(d): Architectural forms: Indo-Islamic and colonial Japan, §III, 5(ii): Architecture: International Modernism, c 1920–60 Japan, §XVIII, 3(ii): Art training and education, 1868–1945: Effect of Western educational theories Dávid, Károly Dávid, Károly Hopwood, Gillian Hopwood, Gillian Maekawa, Kunio Maekawa, Kunio Matta (Echaurren), Roberto (Antonio Sebastián) Matta, Roberto Soltan, Jerzy Soltan, Jerzy Wogensky, André Theatre, §III, 4(ii)(a): Western world: 20th-century architecture restorations by others Baines, Georges staff Yorke, Rosenberg & Mardall Bonet, Antonio Bonet, Antonio Candilis-Josic-Woods Candilis–Josic–Woods Doshi, Balkrishna V(ithaldas) Doshi, Balkrishna V Ginsberg, Jean Ginsberg, Jean González de León, Teodoro González de Léon, Teodoro Heep, (Adolf) Franz Heep, Franz Jorn, Asger Jorn, Asger Komter, Auke Komter, Auke Mange, Ernest (Robert de Carvalho) Mange, Ernest Parent, Claude Parent, Claude Perriand, Charlotte Perriand, Charlotte tapestries Beauvais, §2: Centre of tapestry production France, §XI, 1(v): Tapestry, after 1800 Tapestry, §II, 6: After 1914 writings England, §II, 6: Architecture, after c 1914 Treatise, §II, 5: Painting: 19th and 20th centuries translated Etchells, Frederick

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