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	Giulio Romano [Pippi] (b Rome, ?1499; d Mantua, 1 Nov 1546). Italian painter and architect. He was trained by Raphael, who became his friend and protector, and he developed into an artist of consequence in the third decade of the 16th century. His authority derived from his artistic lineage, attunement to the needs of courtly patrons and a style that blended modern sensibilities with the forms of Classical art. His greatest achievements were the monumental fresco programmes and architectural projects that he conceived and oversaw. Giulio’s contemporaries particularly praised the facility and inventiveness of his drawing, a view upheld by 20th-century writers. Most of his career was spent in Mantua, as court artist for Federico II Gonzaga, 5th Marchese and 1st Duke of Mantua (reg 1530–40). The Palazzo del Te, designed for Federico, is a tour de force of Mannerist architecture and decoration. Giulio’s Mantuan workshop was modelled on the organizational structure of Raphael’s; it did not, however, generate the sort of independent and highly skilled artist that Giulio himself exemplified.
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	Giulio Romano Pompeian Revival, §1: Early excavations and beginnings Rome, §III, 4(i): Art life and organization, 1503–49 Urban planning, §III, 2(i): c 1450–c 1800: Moderate expansion architecture Bertani, Giovanni Battista Covo, Battista da Ornament and pattern, §II, 3(i): Western Renaissance and Mannerist courtyards Galli-Bibiena: (2) Francesco Galli-Bibiena grottoes Grotto loggias Palladio, Andrea, §I, 1(ii): Architecture: Basilica and mature work, 1548–59 orders (architecture) Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(c): Renaissance and after: Invention of new orders palazzi Italy, §II, 3(ii): High Renaissance architecture, c 1500–c 1520 Italy, §V, 2: Interior decoration, 1450–1599 Mannerism, §3(v): Formal language: Anti-classicism and subjective expression Orders, architectural, §II, 3: Giant order: Renaissance and after Ovid Palazzo, §2: Renaissance and after Palladio, Andrea, §I, 1(i): Architecture: Early work, before 1548 Villa, §II, 1: Renaissance and Baroque, c 1400–c 1700: History and development restorations Farinati, Paolo villas Dome, §2: Types assistants Baviera Bellin, Nicholas Colle, Raffaello dal Mantua, §2: Art life and organization Scultori attributions Bordone, Paris, §3: Late works, after c 1550 Brienne collaboration Medici, de’: (8) Clement VII Rome, §V, 14(iii)(b): Vatican Palace: Decoration Chigi, Agostino (i) (1466-1520) Chigi: (1) Agostino Chigi (i) Girolamo (di Tommaso) da Treviso (ii) Girolamo da Treviso (ii) Lampi, Vincenzo Dattaro Lombardo, Cristoforo Bologna, §IV, 2: S Petronio Parmigianino Parmigianino, §1(iv): Parma and Casalmaggiore, 1530–40 Penni, Giovan Francesco Penni: (1) Giovan Francesco Penni Polidoro da Caravaggio Polidoro da Caravaggio Primaticcio, Francesco Primaticcio, Francesco, §1: To c 1540 Raphael Raphael, §I, 1(iii)(a): Paintings and drawings: Works for the Vatican Palace, 1508–20 Raphael, §II: Working methods and technique Rinaldo Mantovano Rinaldo Mantovano Udine, Giovanni da Udine, Giovanni da copies Bury, Friedrich Millet, Francisque drawings Drawing, §IV, 3: Renaissance floats Lombardo, Cristoforo groups and movements Egyptian Revival, §1: Origins and early developments, to 1760 Mannerism, §5: Spread and development house Artist’s house, §1: Before the 19th century Masonry, §II: Types interior decoration Fontainebleau school, §2(i): First school: Work of Rosso and Primaticcio jewellery Dress, §I, 3: The artist and the design process metalwork Italy, §IX, 1: Gold and silver Ornament and pattern, §II, 3(ii): Western Renaissance and Mannerist methods Modello, §I: Drawn Pouncing Sorte, Cristoforo paintings Architectural pictures, §1: Before c 1550 frescoes Cathedral of S Maria Maggiore (Verona) Brusasorci: (1) Domenico Brusasorci Torbido, Francesco Palazzo del Te (Mantua) Allegory, §IV, 1: Renaissance: Italy Erotic art, §I, 2(ii): Western world, c 1500–c 1700 Grotesque, §2: 1480–1529 Illusionism, §2(i)(a): Large-scale projects, c 1450–c 1600 Mannerism, §3(iii): Formal language: Space Mythological painting and sculpture, §3: The Renaissance, c 1400–c 1595 Poesia Ruin S Maria della Steccata (Parma) Anselmi, Michelangelo Vatican Palace (Rome) Battle pictures and military scenes, §1(i): The 16th century: The heroic battle piece Villa Madama (Rome) Raphael, §I, 1(iii)(d): Portraits and smaller devotional works: Rome, 1508–20 Raphael, §I, 2(ii): Planned and built architecture oil altarpieces Berto di Giovanni mythological Ekphrasis, §4: Ekphrasis in the Renaissance West religious Italy, §III, 4(ii): High Renaissance and Mannerist painting, c 1500–c 1600: Rome patrons and collectors Alfonso III, 7th Duke of Modena and Reggio (reg 1628-9) Este (i): (15) Alfonso III d’Este Bankes, William John Bankes: (3) William John Bankes Charles I, King of England and Scotland (reg 1625-49) Stuart, House of: (6) Charles I, §1: Connoisseurship and the royal picture collection Egerton, Francis, 1st Earl of Ellesmere Egerton: (2) Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere Ercole II, 4th Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Este (i): (10) Ercole II d’Este Ferrara, §3: Centre of tapestry production Federico II, 5th Marchese and 1st Duke of Mantua (reg 1519-40) Gonzaga Gonzaga: (9) Federico II Gonzaga Italy, §III, 4(iv): High Renaissance & Mannerist painting, c 1500–c 1600: Other schools & artists Mantua, §1(ii): History and urban development, 1328–1707 Titian, §I, 2(i)(b): Early success, 1516–mid-1540s: Religious and mythological pictures Flinck, Nicolaes Anthonis Flinck: (2) Nicolaes Anthonis Flinck Francesco I, 8th Duke of Modena and Reggio (reg 1629-58) Este (i): (16) Francesco I d’Este Francis I, King of France (reg 1515-47) Valois, House of: (14) Francis I, §2: Painting, sculpture and other arts Fugger, Jakob, II (1459-1525) Fugger: (1) Jakob Fugger II Gondi, Benedetto Gondi Gonzaga (family) Mantua Gonzaga, Cesare Gonzaga: (13) Cesare Gonzaga Gonzaga, Ercole, Cardinal Gonzaga: (10) Ercole Gonzaga Guastalla, Ferrante Gonzaga, Duca da Gonzaga: (11) Ferrante Gonzaga Jabach, Everard Jabach, Everard, §2: Sales to Louis XIV, 1662 and 1671 Lely, Peter Lely, Peter, §3: Collection National Gallery (London) Rushout, John Orléans, Philippe II de Bourbon, 2nd Duc d' (1674-1723) Orléans, House of: (3) Philippe II, §2: 1701–14 Périer, Casimir Périer, Casimir Rangone, Tommaso Rangone, Tommaso Reynolds, Joshua Reynolds, Joshua, §IV: Collecting and dealing Sabbioneta, Vespasiano Gonzaga, Duca da Gonzaga: (12) Vespasiano Gonzaga Simonelli, Niccolò Simonelli, Niccolò Tallard, Marie-Joseph d'Hostun, Duc de Tallard, Marie-Joseph d’Hostun Thiene, Giovanni Galeazzo Thiene Turini, Baldassare Turini, Baldassare Urban VIII, Pope (reg 1623-44) Barberini: (1) Urban VIII, §1: Education and early patronage, to 1622 pupils Clovio, Giulio, §1: Training and work, to 1540 Ghisoni, Fermo Strada: (1) Jacopo Strada Strada: (1) Jacopo Strada, §1: Early life and first patrons reproductive prints by others Reproduction of works of art, §2(i): 15th–17th centuries Bergeret, Pierre-Nolasque Lithography, §II, 1(iii): Invention and incunabula, before c 1818: France Biard, Pierre (ii) (1592-1661) Biard: (3) Pierre Biard (ii) Bisschop, Jan de (1628-71) Bisschop, Jan de Bos, Balthazar van den Bos, Balthasar van den Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Caraglio, Giovanni Jacopo Cock, Hieronymus (Wellens) Cock: (3) Hieronymus Cock Cort (van Hoorn), Cornelis Cort, Cornelis Japan, §VI, 4(vi)(b): Painting: Late: Foreign-influenced painting: Yofuga : Jesuit influence Davent, Léon Davent, Léon Fantuzzi, Antonio Fantuzzi, Antonio Flipart, Jean-Jacques Flipart: (1) Jean-Jacques Flipart Ghisi, Giorgio Ghisi: (1) Giorgio Ghisi Jode, Pieter de (i) (1570-1634) Jode, de: (3) Pieter de Jode (i) Lanier, Nicholas Lanier, Nicholas Milan, Pierre Milan, Pierre Musi, Agostino dei Musi, Agostino dei Pencz, Georg Pencz, Georg Raimondi, Marcantonio Aretino, Pietro Engraving, §II, 3(i)(b): Major exponents and their influences, c 1500–c 1600: Raimondi Erotic art, §II: Historiography and collections Raimondi, Marcantonio, §2: From c 1510 Tardieu, Nicolas-Henry Tardieu, Nicolas-Henry Vicentino, (Giuseppe) Niccolò Vicentino, Niccolò Villamena, Francesco Villamena, Francesco restorations by others Loo, van: (2) Jean-Baptiste van Loo Wall painting, §II, 2(iii): Conservation treatment: Restoration stage design Theatre, §III, 2(i)(b): Italy: Renaissance stage design and costume stucco Stucco and plasterwork, §III, 10(i)(a): Western world, 1400–1850: Italy tapestries Karcher, Nicolas Mantua, §3: Centre of tapestry production Mosnier: (2) Pierre Mosnier teachers Raphael, §IV: Critical reception and posthumous reputation

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