(b Siena, bapt 23 Sept 1439; d Siena, bur 29 Nov 1501). Italian architect, engineer, painter, illuminator, sculptor, medallist, theorist and writer. He was the most outstanding artistic personality from Siena in the second half of the 15th century. His activities as a diplomat led to his employment at the courts of Naples, Milan and Urbino, as well as in Siena, and while most of his paintings and miniatures date from before 1475, by the 1480s and 1490s he was among the leading architects in Italy. He was particularly renowned for his work as a military architect, notably for his involvement in the development of the BASTION, which formed the basis of post-medieval fortifications (see MILITARY ARCHITECTURE & FORTIFICATION, §III, 2(ii) and 4(ii)). His subsequent palace and church architecture was influential in spreading the Urbino style, which he renewed with reference to the architecture of Leon Battista Alberti but giving emphasis to the purism of smooth surfaces. His theoretical works, which include the first important Western writings on military engineering, were not published until modern times but were keenly studied in manuscript, by Leonardo da Vinci among others; they foreshadowed a number of developments that came to fruition in the 16th century (see BALDASSARE PERUZZI and SEBASTIANO SERLIO).

• Francesco (Maurizio) di Giorgio Martini (1439-?1501)
  • Antiquaries and antiquarian societies, §1: 16th century and before
  • Illusionism, §2(i)(a): Large-scale projects, c 1450–c 1600
  • Italy, §III, 3(i)(e): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Status of the artist
  • Italy, §III, 3(ii)(b): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Other centres
  • Milan, §IV, 1(i)(b): Cathedral architecture, after c 1400
  • Military architecture and fortification, §III, 2(ii): Italy, c 1450–c 1870
  • Military architecture and fortification, §III, 2(iv)(d): Germany and central Europe, c 1450–c 1870
  • Military architecture and fortification, §III, 4(ii): Medieval and Renaissance designers & theoreticians
  • Monument, public, §4: Renaissance, Mannerism and Baroque
  • Siena, §II: Art life and organization
  • Urbino, §4: Palazzo Ducale
  • architecture
    • churches
      • Cortona
      • Siena, §III, 2: S Maria della Scala
    • domes
      • Oddi, Muzio
    • fortifications
      • Bastion
    • monasteries
      • Laurana, Luciano
    • palazzi
      • Ancona
      • Urbino, §4(iv): Palazzo Ducale: Cortile d’Onore
    • stables
      • Urbino, §1: History and urban development
    • studioli
      • Studiolo
    • urban planning
      • Urban planning, §III, 1: c 1450–c 1800: Planning theory
  • assistants
    • Barocci, Ambrogio
    • Cozzarelli: (2) Giacomo Cozzarelli
  • attributions
    • Aragon: (4) Alfonso II
    • Gubbio, §1: History and urban development
    • Peruzzi, Baldassare, §3: Siena and elsewhere, 1527–32
    • Rome, §V, 23(i): Palazzo della Cancelleria: Architecture
    • Siena, §I, 2: Urban development
    • Urbino, §4(iii): Palazzo Ducale: Main range
    • Urbino, §4(vii): Palazzo Ducale: Giardino Pensile and Castellare
    • Urbino, §4(viii): Palazzo Ducale: `Facciata ad Ali’
    • Vecchietta, §2: After c 1465
  • collaboration
    • Dolcebuono, Giovanni Giacomo
    • Hospital, §2: Decoration
    • Landi, Neroccio de’
    • Pontelli, Baccio
    • Signorelli, Luca, §1(ii)(b): Paintings, 1488–1502
  • copies
    • Neroni, Bartolommeo
  • drawings
    • Leonardo da Vinci, §II, 4: Architecture
    • Staircase, §I, 3: Renaissance
  • methods
    • Modello, §II: Sculpted
    • Science and art, §2(i): Mathematics and visual harmony
  • paintings
    • Architectural pictures, §1: Before c 1550
    • cassoni
      • Cassone, §1(ii): Painted: Siena
    • panel
      • Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Griselda Master
      • Vecchietta, §1: Before c 1465
    • spalliere
      • Spalliera, §2: Subject-matter
    • still-lifes
      • Still-life, §2: 14th to 17th centuries: Renaissance and Baroque
  • patrons and collectors
    • Montefeltro: (1) FederigoII da Montefeltro
  • sculpture
    • Italy, §IV, 3(i)(c): Early Renaissance sculpture, c 1400–c 1480: Lucca, Siena & Bologna
    • Relief sculpture, §2(vi): Renaissance
    • Siena, §III, 1(ii): Cathedral sculpture
    • Statuette, §II, 1(i)(a): 15th century: Central Italy
    • plaquettes
      • Plaquette, §3(i): Italy and Spain
  • writings
    • Caryatid, §2: Later history
    • Cozzarelli: (1) Guidoccio Cozzarelli
    • Garden, §VIII, 3(i)(a): Italian early Renaissance: Classical and humanist background
    • Loreto, §II, 1(i)(c): S Maria di Loreto: Influence of the Basilica
    • Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(a): Renaissance and after: Re-creation of Roman orders
    • Town hall, §1: Introduction
    • Treatise, §I, 1: Architectural: Italy, France and Spain
    • Vitruvius, §3(ii)(a): Influence, c 1350–c 1500