Type of painting in which one or more flowers or plants are depicted. The subject is generally associated with STILL-LIFE painting. The painting of flowers has its antecedents in the HERBAL and ‘scientific’ depictions of plants. It began to emerge as a specialism in northern Europe in manuscripts produced in Bruges and Ghent in the 15th century, particularly those executed by the Master of Mary of Burgundy, whose paintings are surrounded by scattered naturalistic flowers or compartments with still-lifes; for example, the glass vase with some flowers in a folio in the Book of Hours of Engelbrecht of Nassau (c. 1485–90; Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. Douce 219, fol. 145v). This article discusses flower painting as a distinct genre in Western art. For its history in ancient and non-Western civilizations see CHINA, §V; EGYPT, ANCIENT, §VI, 1(ii); GREECE, ANCIENT, §VI, 1(ii); ISLAMIC ART, §I, 7; JAPAN, §II; KOREA, §I, 5; ROME, ANCIENT, §II, 5.

• painting... (cont.)
  • historical and regional traditions... (cont.)
    • Early Christian (c. AD 250-843)... (cont.)
      • Italy, §III, 2(i): Early Christian painting, c AD 200–c 600
      • Ecuador
        • Ecuador, §IV, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: Colonial period, 1534–1822
        • Ecuador, §IV, 2: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, after 1822
        • Ecuador, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Egypt
        • Egypt, §III: Painting and sculpture
      • Egypt, ancient
        • Egypt, ancient, §XI, 3(i): Scribal equipment
        • Egypt, ancient, §XIII, 4(ii): Ceramic decoration: Painted decoration
        • Gebelein
      • El Salvador
        • El Salvador
      • England
        • Canvas, §2: History and use
        • England, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1450
        • England, §III: Painting and graphic arts
        • England, §III, 2(i): Painting, c 1450–c 1620
        • England, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, c 1620–c 1830
        • England, §III, 3(ii): Landscape painting and graphic art, c 1620–c 1830
        • England, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, c 1830–c 1855
        • England, §III, 6: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1914
        • Painted effects
        • Wood (i), §III, 3: Decorative techniques
        • Abstract art
          • Pasmore, Victor
        • Cubism
          • Nicholson: (3) Ben Nicholson
        • Gothic
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(vi)(a): Painting: England, c 1300–c 1350
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(ix): Painting: England, c 1350–c 1410
        • Japonisme
          • Whistler, James McNeill, §1(ii): Life and work, 1859–66
        • Jewish art
          • Jewish art, §VII, 1: Easel painting, sculpture and graphic arts: 19th century
          • Jewish art, §VII, 2(iii): Easel painting, sculpture and graphic arts, early 20th century: Britain and the USA
        • Op art
          • Op art
        • Post-Impressionism
          • England, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, c 1855–c 1914
          • London, §III, 7: Art life and organization, after 1909
        • Vorticism
          • Vorticism
        • 18th cent.
          • Füssli: (3) Henry Fuseli, §1: Life and work
        • 19th cent.
          • Dadd, Richard
          • Redgrave: (2) Richard Redgrave
        • 20th cent.
          • Bacon, Francis, §1(iv): After 1961
          • Bomberg, David
          • Hodgkin, Howard
          • Lewis, Wyndham
          • Narrative art, §V, 3: Western world: Late medieval and later
          • Nash: (1) Paul Nash
          • St Ives
      • Eritrea
        • Ethiopia and Eritrea, §II: Painting and graphic arts
      • Estonia
        • Estonia, §II: Painting, sculpture and graphic art
      • Ethiopia
        • Ethiopia and Eritrea, §II, 2(iii)(a): Painting and graphic arts, c 1600–c 1900
        • Ethiopia & Eritrea, §II, 2(iii)(c): Painting & graphic arts, c 1600–c 1900: Second Gondarene style
        • Ethiopia and Eritrea, §II, 2(iv): Painting and graphic arts, after c 1900
      • Etruscan
        • Italy, §III, 1: Painting: Ancient, 8th century BC to late Roman
      • Faroe Islands
        • Faroe Islands
      • Finland
        • Finland, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1840
        • Finland, §III: Painting and graphic arts
        • Finland, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1840
        • Gallen-Kallela, Akseli
      • France
        • France, §III: Painting and graphic arts
        • France, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1450
        • France, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, c 1450–c 1620
        • France, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, c 1620–c 1715
        • France, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, c 1715–c 1814
        • France, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, c 1814–c 1914
        • France, §III, 6: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1914
        • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 3(iii): Variations of style, Classicism and the theatre, 1916–24
        • Abstract art
          • Abstract art, §1: Origins and early experiments, to c 1913
          • Delaunay (ii): (1) Robert Delaunay, §2: `Constructive’ phase, 1912–14
          • Dubuffet, Jean, §3: Themes and techniques
          • Gleizes, Albert
          • Hartung, Hans
          • Mathieu, Georges
          • Matisse, Henri, §8: 1940–54
          • Poliakoff, Serge
          • Villon, Jacques
          • Wols
        • Abstraction-Création
          • Abstraction-Création
        • Cubism
          • Braque, Georges, §1(ii): Work between the wars, 1918–39
          • Braque, Georges, §1(iii): Late work, from 1940
          • Cubism, §I, 4: Meanings and interpretations
          • Duchamp, Marcel, §1(i): Early artistic experiments, to January 1912
          • Gris, Juan, §3: Wartime Cubism and maturity, 1914–22
          • La Fresnaye, Roger de
          • Léger, Fernand, §1(ii): Life and work, 1910–17
          • Metzinger, Jean
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 3(ii): Variations of style, Classicism and the theatre, 1916–24
        • Dada
          • Dada, §2: New York, 1915–21
          • France, §III, 5(iv): Painting & graphic arts, c 1814–c 1914: Realism and modern life
          • France, §III, 6(ii): Painting & graphic arts, after c 1914: Dada, Surrealism and abstraction
          • Picabia, Francis, §1: Early work, to 1913
        • Gothic
          • France, §III, 1(iii): Painting and graphic arts: Gothic
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(vi): Painting: England and France, c 1300–c 1350
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(x): Painting: France, c 1350–c 1410
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(xi): Painting: International Gothic style, c 1380–c 1440
        • Impressionism
          • Dress, §VIII, 1: 19th century: Developments in mainstream fashion
        • Jewish art
          • Jewish art, §VII, 2(ii): Easel painting, sculpture and graphic art, early 20th century: France
        • juste-milieu style
          • Gleyre, Charles
        • Modern Movement
          • Klein, Yves, §2: Later work, 1956–62
        • naive art
          • Rousseau, Henri, §1: Life and work
        • Orientalism
          • Marilhat, Prosper
        • Pittura Metafisica
          • De Chirico, Giorgio, §1(iii): Paris, 1911–15
        • Post-Impressionism
          • Competition, §III, 1: Painting: Personal rivalry
          • Post-Impressionism, §2: Development in France and elsewhere
        • Purism
          • Ozenfant, Amédée
          • Paris, §III, 7: Art life and organization, 1915–68
        • Realism (style)
          • Lille, §2: Art life and organization
        • Romanesque
          • France, §III, 1(ii): Painting and graphic arts: Romanesque
        • Surrealism
          • Brauner, Victor
          • Ernst, Max, §1(ii): Life and work, 1914–24
          • Ernst, Max, §1(iv): Life and work, 1938–43
          • Surrealism, §I, 1(ii): France, 1917–30: Visual arts
          • Tanguy, Yves
        • Symbolism (movement)
          • Symbolism, §3: Characteristics of Symbolism
        • Synthetism
          • Sérusier, Paul
        • 19th cent.
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 1(i): Early years, to 1905: Spain and Paris
        • 20th cent.
          • Balthus
          • De Chirico, Giorgio, §1(vi): Paris, 1924–31
          • Derain, André, §2: Work after World War I
          • Estève, Maurice
          • France, §III, 6(iv): Painting & graphic arts, after c 1914: World War II and after
          • Léger, Fernand, §1(iii): Life and work, 1918–26
          • Léger, Fernand, §1(v): Life and work, 1940–50
          • Masson, André
          • Miró, Joan, §1(i): Childhood and work, to 1919
          • Miró, Joan, §1(iii): Paintings, 1939–c 1950
          • Pascin, Jules
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 2(i): Primitivism and Cubism, 1906–15: Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 3(i): Variations of style, Classicism and the theatre, 1916–24
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 4: Interactions with Surrealism, 1925–35
          • Picasso, Pablo, §I, 5(iii): War years and later work, 1936–73
          • Rouault, Georges, §2: Themes after 1904: The circus, prostitution and judges
          • Utrillo, Maurice
      • Gabon
        • Gabon, §4: Fine arts
      • Georgia
        • Georgia, §IV, 1(i): Monumental painting and mosaics, before the 19th century
        • Georgia, §IV, 1: Painting, mosaics and graphic arts, before the 19th century
        • Georgia, §IV, 1(iii): Icons, before the 19th century
        • Georgia, §IV, 2: Painting, mosaics and graphic arts, 19th century and after
      • Germany
        • Germany, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1400
        • Germany, §III: Painting and graphic arts
        • Germany, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, c 1400–c 1600
        • Germany, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, c 1600–c 1750
        • Germany, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, c 1750–c 1900
        • Germany, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1900
        • Abstract art
          • Kandinsky, Vasily, §1: Early years and Munich, before 1914
          • Kandinsky, Vasily, §3: The Bauhaus period, 1922–33
          • Kandinsky, Vasily, §4: Paris, 1934–44
          • Music and art, §4: 20th century
          • Nay, Ernst Wilhelm
        • Art informel
          • Germany, §III, 5(ii): Painting and graphic arts, after c 1939
        • Baroque
          • Germany, §III, 3(i): Painting and graphic arts: Baroque
        • Dada
          • Dada, §1: Early History: Zurich, 1914–18
          • Germany, §III, 5(i): Painting and graphic arts, c 1900–c 1939
        • Expressionism
          • Beckmann, Max, §1(ii): 1914–c 1932
          • Expressionism, §1(i)(b): Origins and developments in Germany: Artists’ groups
          • Mueller, Otto
          • Nolde, Emil, §3: Later developments, 1940s and after
          • Pechstein, Max
        • Gothic
          • Germany, §III, 2(i): Painting and graphic arts: `International’ and Late Gothic
        • Gothic: Early Gothic
          • Germany, §III, 1(iii): Painting, before c 1400: Early Gothic
        • Gothic: Zackenstil
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(iii): Painting: Holy Roman Empire, c 1230–1290
        • Jesuit Order
          • Germany, §III, 3(i)(a): Baroque painting and graphic arts: Before the Thirty Years War
        • Jewish art
          • Jewish art, §VII, 2(iv): Easel painting, sculpture and graphic art, early 20th century: Nazi Germany
        • Mannerism
          • Baldung, Hans, §1: Life and work
        • Nazism
          • Nazism, §2: Art and architecture
        • Neo-classicism
          • Germany, §III, 4(i): Painting and graphic arts: Neo-classicism
        • Neue Sachlichkeit
          • Berlin, §II, 4: Art life and organization, c 1918–1944
        • Ottonian
          • Germany, §III, 1(ii): Painting, before c 1400: Ottonian and Romanesque
        • Realism (style)
          • Germany, §III, 4(iv): Painting and graphic arts: Realism
          • Leibl, Wilhelm
        • Renaissance
          • Germany, §III, 2(ii): Painting and graphic arts: Renaissance
        • Rococo
          • Germany, §III, 3(ii): Painting and graphic arts: Rococo and court art
        • Romanticism
          • Germany, §III, 4(iii): Painting and graphic arts: Romanticism
        • 19th cent.
          • Marées, Hans von, §2: Berlin and Italy, 1870 and after
        • 20th cent.
          • Baselitz, Georg
          • Berlin, §II, 5: Art life and organization, 1945 and after
          • Heldt, Werner
          • Hofer, Karl
          • Macke, August
          • Oelze, Richard
          • Radziwill, Franz
          • Richter, Gerhard
          • Schumacher, Emil
          • Vordemberge-Gildewart, Friedrich
      • Ghana
        • Ghana, §3: Painting
      • Gothic
        • Gothic, §IV, 1: Painting: Introduction
        • Gothic, §IV: Painting
        • Gothic, §IV, 1(i): Painting: Ecclesiastical patronage and subject-matter
        • Gothic, §IV, 1(ii): Painting: Lay patronage and subject-matter
        • Gothic, §IV, 1(iii): Painting: Representation and response
        • Gothic, §IV, 2(i): Manuscript painting
        • Gothic, §IV, 2: Painting: Forms
        • Gothic, §IV, 3: Painting: Working practices
        • Gothic, §IV, 4(i): Painting techniques: Fresco, secco and panel
        • Gothic, §IV, 4: Painting techniques
        • Gothic, §IV, 4(ii): Painting techniques: Colour
        • Gothic, §IV, 4(iii): Painting techniques: Illumination, modelling and treatment of surface
        • Gothic, §IV, 5: Painting: Stylistic and regional development
        • Gothic, §IV, 5(iv): Painting: Scandinavia and the Iberian Peninsula, c 1230–c 1340
        • Channel style
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(ii): Painting: Parisian and related styles, c 1240–c 1320
        • Italy
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(v): Painting: Italy, c 1265–c 1320
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(vii): Painting: Italy, Spain and papal Avignon, c 1320–c 1400
          • Italy, §III, 3(ii)(a): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Florence
        • Late Gothic
          • Notke, Bernt, §2: Ecclesiastical commissions for paintings, carved works and sculpture
        • Norway
          • Norway, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1350
        • Poland
          • Poland, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1500
        • Spain
          • Spain, §III, 1(iii): Painting and graphic arts, before c 1500: Gothic
        • Transitional style
          • Gothic, §IV, 5(i): Painting: Transitional style, c 1180–1250
      • Greece
        • Greece, §III: Painting
      • Greece, ancient
        • Apelles
        • Greece, ancient, §VI, 1(ii)(a): Wall and panel painting: Geometric to Archaic-period subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §VI, 1(ii)(b): Wall and panel painting: Classical-period subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §VI, 1(ii)(c): Wall and panel painting: Hellenistic-period subject-matter
        • Greece, ancient, §X, 4(ii): Furniture: Materials and decoration