Type of painting in which one or more flowers or plants are depicted. The subject is generally associated with STILL-LIFE painting. The painting of flowers has its antecedents in the HERBAL and ‘scientific’ depictions of plants. It began to emerge as a specialism in northern Europe in manuscripts produced in Bruges and Ghent in the 15th century, particularly those executed by the Master of Mary of Burgundy, whose paintings are surrounded by scattered naturalistic flowers or compartments with still-lifes; for example, the glass vase with some flowers in a folio in the Book of Hours of Engelbrecht of Nassau (c. 1485–90; Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. Douce 219, fol. 145v). This article discusses flower painting as a distinct genre in Western art. For its history in ancient and non-Western civilizations see CHINA, §V; EGYPT, ANCIENT, §VI, 1(ii); GREECE, ANCIENT, §VI, 1(ii); ISLAMIC ART, §I, 7; JAPAN, §II; KOREA, §I, 5; ROME, ANCIENT, §II, 5.

• painting... (cont.)
  • historical and regional traditions... (cont.)
    • Belgium
      • Belgium, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before 1400
      • Belgium, §III: Painting and graphic arts
      • Belgium, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, 1400–c 1550
      • Belgium, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, c 1550–1830
      • Belgium, §III, 3(ii): Painting and graphic arts, c 1600–c 1700
      • Belgium, §III, 3(ii)(a): Painting, c 1600–c 1700
      • Belgium, §III, 3(iii): Painting and graphic arts, c 1700–1830
      • Belgium, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, after 1900
      • Belgium, §IX, 1(i): Gold and silver, before 1600
      • Expressionism
        • Permeke, Constant
      • Modernism
        • Belgium, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, 1830–1900
      • Surrealism
        • Delvaux, Paul
        • Magritte, René, §1(ii): First Surrealist works, 1926–30
        • Magritte, René, §1(iii): The 1930s
        • Titles, §1: Western world
      • Symbolism (movement)
        • Frame, §V, 6: The Netherlands and Belgium: Late 19th and 20th centuries
        • Khnopff, Fernand
      • 19th cent.
        • Ensor, James, §1(ii): Life and work, 1881–1900
    • Belize
      • Belize, §3: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Benin Republic
      • Benin Republic, §4: Fine and applied arts
    • Bolivia
      • Bolivia, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, 1534–1825
      • Bolivia, §III: Painting and graphic arts
      • Bolivia, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, after 1825
    • Bosnia
      • Bosnia and Herzegovina, §II: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Brazil
      • Brazil, §V, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, before c 1822
      • Brazil, §V: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Brazil, §V, 2(i): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, c 1822–88
      • Brazil, §V, 2(ii): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, 1889–1930
      • Brazil, §V, 2(iii): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, 1931–60
      • Brazil, §V, 2(iv): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, after 1960
    • Buddhism
      • Central Asia
        • Buddhism, §III, 4(ii): Central Asia: Art and architecture
      • Central Asia, Eastern
        • Central Asia, §II, 4(ii)(a): Eastern: Painting, 3rd century AD–mid-6th
      • China
        • China, §V, 2: Painting materials and techniques
        • China, §V, 3(i): Painting themes: Buddhist
        • China, §V, 3(i)(b): Buddhist painted scrolls, banners and related objects
        • China, §V, 3(ii): Chan Buddhist painting
        • Dunhuang
      • Heian period (AD 794-1185)
        • Japan, §VI, 3(i)(b): Buddhist painting: Heian period
      • Indian subcontinent
        • Indian subcontinent, §VI, 3(ii)(c): Painting: 1st century bc–16th century ad: Miniature and other painting
        • Indian subcontinent, §VI, 3(ii)(c): Painting: 1st century bc–16th century ad: Miniature and other painting
      • Japan
        • Japan, §VI, 3(iii)(c): Early Yamatoe screen, door and wall painting
      • Japan: Asuka-Hakuho period (c. 552-710)
        • Japan, §VI, 3(i)(a): Buddhist painting: Asuka-Hakuho and Nara periods
        • Japan, §VI, 3(ii)(a): Early Shinto painting: Suijaku mandalas
      • Japan: Daigo
        • Kyoto, §IV, 3(i): Daigoji: Temple
      • Japan: Esoteric
        • Kongobuji
      • Japan: Obaku
        • Japan, §VI, 4(vi)(c): Late foreign-influenced painting: Nagasaki school
      • Japan: Pure Land
        • Buddhism, §III, 10(iii)(a): Japan: Pure Land
        • Japan, §II, 3(vi)(b): Varieties of Buddhism: Pure Land
      • Korea
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(a): Buddhist painting: Introduction
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i): Painting: Buddhist themes and styles
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(b): Buddhist painting: Later Three Kingdoms to Unified Silla, c AD 300–918
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(c): Buddhist painting: Koryo, 918–1392
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(c): Buddhist painting: Koryo, 918–1392
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(d): Buddhist painting: Choson, 1392–1910
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(d): Buddhist painting: Choson, 1392–1910
        • Korea, §IV, 2(i)(e): Buddhist painting: Modern, after 1910
        • Korea, §VIII, 11(iii): Textiles: Unified Silla to Koryo, AD 668–1392
      • Mongolia
        • Mongolia, §II: Iconography and subject-matter
      • Nepal
        • Nepal, §V, 1(ii): Traditional painting: Paubhas
      • Sri Lanka
        • Sri Lanka, §V, 2(iv): Painting: Colonial period
      • Thailand
        • Thailand, §VI, 1(i): Traditional banner painting
        • Thailand, §VI, 1: Traditional painting
        • Thailand, §VI, 1(ii): Traditional manuscript painting
        • Thailand, §VI, 2: Modern painting
      • Tibet
        • Buddhism, §III, 6(i): Tibet: Introduction
        • Tibet, §I, 6(i): Religious iconography and subject-matter
        • Tibet, §IV: Painting
    • Bulgaria
      • Bulgaria, §III, 2(i): Monumental painting, AD 681–1393
      • Bulgaria, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, AD 681–1393
      • Bulgaria, §III: Painting and graphic arts
      • Bulgaria, §III, 2(ii): Icon painting, AD 681–1393
      • Bulgaria, §III, 2(iii): Manuscript painting, AD 681–1393
      • Bulgaria, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, 1394–1878
      • Bulgaria, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, after 1878
    • Burma
      • Burma, §V: Painting
      • Burma, §V, 3: Modern painting
      • Lacquer, §I, 1(ii)(e): Urushi techniques: Painted
    • Byzantine
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §III: Monumental painting and mosaic
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §VI: Icons
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §VI, 1: Icons: Introduction
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §VI, 2: Icons, before c 843
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §VI, 3: Icons, c 843–c 1204
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §VI, 4: Icons, c 1204–1453
      • Light, §5(ii): Medieval light symbolism
    • Cambodia
      • Cambodia, §IV: Painting
    • Cameroon
      • Cameroon, §4: Painting and sculpture
    • Canada
      • Canada, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before 1867
      • Canada, §III: Painting and graphic arts
      • Canada, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, 1867–1938
      • Canada, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts: 1939–60
      • Canada, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, after 1960
      • Native North Americans
        • Native North American art, §IV, 2(iv): Post-war painting developments & pan-Native Amer. activism, 1945–70
        • Native North American art, §XV, 2(ii)(c): Other late 20th-century developments: Recent trends and attitudes
      • 19th cent.
        • Canada, §V, 2: Interior design: Decorative
      • 20th cent.
        • Carr, Emily
        • Group of Seven
        • Montreal, §2: Art life and organization
    • Caribbean Islands
      • Caribbean Islands, §II, 2(ii): Western cultures: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Carolingian
      • Carolingian art, §IV: Painting
      • Germany, §III, 1(i): Painting, before c 1400: Carolingian
    • Catalonia
      • Casas, Ramon
    • Central African Republic
      • Central African Republic
    • Central Asia, Eastern
      • Central Asia, §II, 4: Eastern: Painting
      • Central Asia, §II, 4(ii)(c): Eastern: Painting, late 7th century AD and after
      • Central Asia, §II, 5(xi): Eastern: Paper
    • Central Asia, Western
      • Central Asia, §I, 4(iv)(a): Western: Painting in Sogdiana, 4th century A–early 8th
      • Islamic art, §II, 5(i)(a): Architecture: Iran and western Central Asia, c 900–c 1050
    • Chile
      • Burchard, Pablo
      • Chile, §III: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • China
      • China, §I, 6(iii): Symbolic iconography and subject-matter
      • China, §II, 1(i)(a): Architectural structure and materials: Timber
      • China, §IV: Calligraphy
      • China, §V, 1: Painting: Historical overview
      • China, §V: Painting
      • China, §V, 1(i): Painting: Neolithic to Five Dynasties
      • China, §V, 1(ii): Painting: Song to Qing
      • China, §V, 1(iii): Painting: 1912 and after
      • China, §V, 3: Painting themes
      • China, §V, 3(iii): Painting themes: Daoist
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv): Landscape painting
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(a): Landscape painting: Historical development
      • China, §V, 3(iv)(b): Landscape painting: Theoretical writings
      • China, §V, 3(v): Painting: Animals, birds and plants
      • China, §V, 3(vi): Painting: Bamboo, plum and ink-flowers
      • China, §V, 3(vii): Figure painting
      • China, §V, 3(viii): Portrait painting
      • China, §V, 4: Painters and institutions
      • China, §V, 5: Painting theory and criticism
      • China, §V, 6: Painting: Collections
      • China, §IX, 2: Lacquer: Zhou to Sui
      • China, §XIX: Exhibitions
      • Colour, §II: East Asia
      • Fan, §II: East Asia
      • Textile, §III, 1(ii)(d): Patterns: Painted
      • Communism
        • China, §V, 3(vii)(d): Figure painting: Qing and after
      • Confucianism
        • China, §V, 3(vi)(a): Painting: Bamboo, plum and ink-flowers
        • China, §V, 3(vii)(a): Figure painting: Bronze Age to Northern and Southern Dynasties
      • Daoism
        • China, §V, 3(iii)(a): Daoist painting
        • China, §V, 5(ii): Painting theory and criticism: Literati concepts and writings
      • export
        • China, §I, 4(ii)(c): External trade, Qing period and after
      • Han period (206 BC-AD 220)
        • China, §I, 7(i): Concept of art: Classification
        • China, §I, 8(ii): Status of art: Craftsman
      • Ming period (1368-1644)
        • China, §V, 3(v)(e): Painting: Animals, birds and plants
        • China, §V, 3(vii)(c): Figure painting: Yuan to Ming
        • Ma: (1) Ma Yuan
        • Wu Bin
      • Northern and Southern Dynasties (AD 310-589)
        • China, §VII, 3(iii)(b): Low-fired ceramics: Six Dynasties to Sui
      • Prehistoric
        • China, §VII, 3(i)(a): Ceramics: Central Yangshao Neolithic
      • Qing period (1644-1911)
        • Castiglione, Guiseppe, §1: Life
        • Shanghai school
      • Song period (AD 960-1279)
        • China, §V, 3(v)(c): Painting: Animals, birds and plants
        • China, §XI, 2(iii): Furniture: Five Dynasties to Yuan
        • Ma: (2) Ma Lin
      • Tang period (AD 618-907)
        • China, §V, 3(vii)(b): Figure painting: Sui to Song
        • China, §VII, 3(iii)(b): Low-fired ceramics: Six Dynasties to Sui
        • Tang dynasty
      • 20th cent.
        • Lingnan school
        • Zhang Daqian
    • Christianity
      • Ethiopia and Eritrea, §II, 2(i): Painting and graphic arts, before c 1400
    • Cistercian Order
      • Cistercian Order, §III, 3: Patronage: Other arts
    • Colombia
      • Colombia, §I: Introduction
      • Colombia, §IV, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: The colonial period, c 1500–1819
      • Colombia, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Colombia, §IV, 2: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: After independence, from 1819
      • Colombia, §IV, 2(ii): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: After 1930
    • Coptic
      • Coptic art, §IV, 1: Monumental painting
      • Coptic art, §IV: Painting
      • Coptic art, §IV, 2: Icon painting
      • Coptic art, §IV, 3: Manuscript painting
    • Costa Rica
      • Costa Rica, §III: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Côte d'Ivoire
      • Côte d’Ivoire, §4: Painting and other arts
    • Crete
      • Crete, §5(ii): Venetian, 1204–1669: Wall paintings and icons
      • Post-Byzantine art, §I: Introduction
    • Croatia
      • Croatia, §III: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Croatia, §III, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, before 1800
    • Cuba (Caribbean)
      • Cuba, §II, 2: Afro-Caribbean cultures
      • Cuba, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Lam, Wifredo
      • Latin American artists of the USA, §4: Cuban
    • Cyprus
      • Cyprus, §V, 2: Ottoman and modern architecture, painting and sculpture
    • Czech Republic
      • Czech Republic, §IV: Painting and graphic arts
      • Futurism
        • Kubista, Bohumil
      • Gothic
        • Gothic, §IV, 5(viii): Painting: Holy Roman Empire, c 1300–c 1400
        • Theodoric, Master
      • Orphism
        • Orphism
      • Realism (style)
        • Czech Republic, §IV, 2: Painting and graphic arts, 1620–c 1900
      • Romanesque
        • Czech Republic, §IV, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before 1620
      • Surrealism
        • Czech Republic, §IV, 3: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1900
    • Denmark
      • Denmark, §III, 1: Painting and graphic arts, before c 1540
      • Denmark, §III: Painting and graphic arts
      • Denmark, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, c 1540–1840
      • Denmark, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts, after 1840
      • Symbolism (movement)
        • Willumsen, Jens Ferdinand
      • 19th cent.
        • Roed, Jørgen
      • 20th cent.
        • Jorn, Asger, §3: Paris, 1955–71
        • Mortensen, Richard
        • Pedersen, Carl-Henning
    • Dominica
      • Antilles, Lesser, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Dominican Republic
      • Dominican Republic, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Early Christian (c. AD 250-843)