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	(1) Lucas Cranach I [the elder] (b Kronach, 1472; d Weimar, 16 Oct 1553). Painter, engraver and designer of woodcuts. No works are known by Lucas Cranach the elder before his arrival in Vienna in 1501 or 1502, when he was already about 30 years old (but see MASTERS, ANONYMOUS, AND MONOGRAMMISTS, §III: MASTER L.CZ.). His earliest surviving painting is presumably a small panel of the Crucifixion (before 1502; 585450 mm; Vienna, Ksthist. Mus.) from the Schottenstift in Vienna. This picture reveals the expressive and vigorous handling of the brush that marks his painting technique during this intense two- or three-year period of activity. The rendering of the figures, especially the bloody, crucified bodies, and the composition with its rugged landscape are likewise calculated for an emotional impact. How the artist came by this manner of painting may in part be explained by the colouristically strong and brutal scenes of the Passion* by Jan Polack, such as the Crucifixion (1492; Munich, Alte Pin.), which Cranach could have seen in the Franciscan church in Munich en route to Vienna. Otherwise his early stylistic sources are as hard to specify as those for the emerging DANUBE SCHOOL, of which Cranach was a principal founder. Part of the Cranach family
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	Cranach, Lucas, I (1472-1553) Augsburg, §2: Art life and organization Battle pictures and military scenes, §1(iii): The 16th century: Military genre art Cranach Decadence and decline, §1: Fleshly decadence: medieval and early Renaissance Germany, §XII, 2: Patronage, c 1500–c 1800 Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §III: Master L.Cz Poland, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, c 1500–c 1600 Poland, §XII, 3: Collecting and dealing, after c 1800 Propaganda, §3: After 1900 Torgau, §1: Introduction assistants Meit, Conrat attributions Brosamer, Hans Cranach: (3) Lucas Cranach II book illustrations Bible, §I, 2(ii): Illustrated printed Christian Germany, §III, 2(i)(b): Painting and graphic arts: `International’ and Late Gothic: Graphic arts Luther, Martin bookplates Bookplate collaboration Cranach: (2) Hans Cranach groups and movements Austria, §III, 1(ii)(b): Gothic panel paintings Danube school Danube school, §1: Characteristics Danube school, §2: Extent Germany, §III, 2(ii)(d): Renaissance painting and graphic arts: Danube school Landscape painting, §II, 4(i): 16th century: Danube school Renaissance, §4(iii)(b): High Renaissance: Painting and graphic art in Germany methods Dessau Encaustic painting, §2(i): Pre-Renaisssance paintings Frame, §VI, 2: Germany and Central Europe: Renaissance allegorical Allegory, §IV, 2: Renaissance: Northern Europe Cranach: (1) Lucas Cranach I, §I, 2(ii): Nudes and mythological subjects, c 1520 and after Typological cycles, §2: 12th century and later altarpieces Christianity, §III, 3(ii)(b): Iconography: Western Church: 1500 and after: Protestant Cranach: (1) Lucas Cranach I, §I, 2(i)(b): Altarpieces, portraits & religious prints, c 1520 and after Hannover Weimar genre Genre, §3(i): The 16th century: Northern Europe hunting scenes Sporting scenes, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance mythological Mythological painting and sculpture, §3: The Renaissance, c 1400–c 1595 Nude, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance, to 1600 portraits Portraiture, §I: Problems of definition Portraiture, §III: Manufacture Vienna, §III, 2: Art life and organization, c 1500–c 1800 religious Cranach: (1) Lucas Cranach I, §I, 1: Vienna, c 1501–4 Dress, §V, 2(iii): Northern Europe, 1501–1600 Erotic art, §I, 2(ii): Western world, c 1500–c 1700 Frame, §VI, 3: Germany and Central Europe: Baroque Melk Abbey, §3: Conventual buildings patrons and collectors Catalogue, §2: Collection catalogues Christianity, §I, 3(ii): History: Western Church, 1500–1600 Sweden, §XIV: Collecting and dealing Boisserée, Melchior and Sulpiz Boisserée Burrell, William (1861-1958) Burrell William Carol I, King of Romania (reg 1866-1914) Carol I, King of Romania Christina, Queen of Sweden (reg 1632-54) Vasa, House of: (5) Christina, §1: Collecting and patronage Diocesan Museum (Sandomierz) Sandomierz Ferrand de Monthelon, Antoine Reims, §II: Art life and organization Frances Sibyl Augusta, Margravine of Baden-Baden (reg 1675-1737) Zähringen: (1) Frances Sibyl Augusta, Margravine of Baden-Baden Francis-Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein (reg 1772-81) Liechtenstein, House of: (5) Francis-Joseph I, Prince of Liechtenstein Frederick III, Elector of Saxony (reg 1486-1525) Wettin, House of Wettin, House of: (3) Frederick III, Elector of Saxony Woodcut, chiaroscuro, §2: History Goering, Hermann (Wilhelm) Goering, Hermann Henry, Duke of Saxony (reg 1539-41) Wettin, House of: (4) Henry, Duke of Saxony Hirsch, Robert von Hirsch, Robert von Hohenzollern, Albert of Brandenburg, Cardinal, Hohenzollern, House of Hohenzollern: (1) Cardinal Albert of Brandenburg Houssaye, (François-)Arsène Houssaye, Arsène Howard (i), Aletheia, Countess of Arundel Howard (i): (2) Aletheia Talbot, Countess of Arundel Imhoff, Willibald Imhoff Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg (reg 1535-71) Hohenzollern: (2) Joachim II, Elector of Brandenburg Loyd, Samuel Jones, 1st Baron Overstone Loyd, Samuel Jones Maximilian I, Duke of Bavaria (reg 1598-1651) and Elector of Bavaria (reg 1623-51) Wittelsbach, §I: (5) Maximilian I, Duke and Elector of Bavaria Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (reg 1493-1519) Habsburg, §I: (3) Maximilian I, §2(i): Patronage: Woodcuts and portraits Mond, Ludwig Mond: (1) Ludwig Mond Morgan, J(ohn) Pierpont (1837-1913) Morgan, J. Pierpont Rushout, John, 2nd Baron Northwick Rushout, John Ryabushinsky, Nikolay (Pavlovich) Ryabushinsky, Nikolay Simon, Norton Simon, Norton Thurzo, Stanislav Thurzo, Stanislav prints Devotional prints, §2: Late 15th century and after Prints, §II, 1(i): Subject-matter, before c 1700: Devotional, religious and moralizing Prints, §III, 6(ii)(a): Colour printing, 15th–18th centuries engravings Cranach: (1) Lucas Cranach I, §I, 2(i)(a): Altarpieces, portraits & religious prints, before c 1520 woodcuts Book illustration, §I, 2: From the 1490s to 1600 Chiaroscuro Germany, §III, 2(ii)(c): Renaissance painting and graphic arts: Augsburg as artistic centre Germany, §III, 2(ii)(e): Renaissance painting and graphic arts: Effects of the Reformation Propaganda, §2: c 1450–1900 Woodcut, §II, 3(i): 16th century: Holy Roman Empire reproductive prints by others Apocalypse, §2: Printed Sadeler: (1) Jan Sadeler I Troschel: (2) Peter Paul Troschel sgraffito Dresden, §II, 1: Art life and organization, before 1697 studio Studio, §II, 2(i): History and development, c 1450–c 1600

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