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Claude (le) Lorrain [Lorraine] [Claudio Lorenese; Gellée, Claude]
(b Chamagne, Lorraine, ?1604–5; d Rome, 23 Nov 1682). French painter, draughtsman and etcher, active in Italy. He has long been known as the greatest of all ideal landscape painters. Ideal landscape is a term signifying the creation of an image of nature more beautiful and better ordered than nature itself. The term is closely linked to the pastoral, and contented shepherds guarding their flocks and herds are usually an integral feature of Claude’s pictures. He was far from being the inventor of this art form, which first emerged in Venetian painting around 1510, but he brought it to a pitch of refinement not reached by anyone else. Claude’s distinctive contribution to the genre was to use light as the principal means both of unifying the composition and of lending beauty to the landscape. He was also able to introduce into the artificial formula, to an unusual degree, effects studied from nature itself. Almost from the first, his work reflected courtly values of ‘high finish’ and decorum, and it is no accident that his most important patrons were members of the European nobility and higher clergy.
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- Claude (le) Lorrain (1604/5-82)
- Catalogue, §3: Catalogues raisonnés
- France, §III, 3(i): Painting & graphic arts, c 1620–c 1715: Mannerism & the influence of Caravaggio
- France, §VI, 2(i): Furniture, 1589–1715: Louis XIII style
- Italy, §III, 5: Baroque and Rococo painting, c 1600–c 1750
- Lorraine
- Rome, §III, 5(i): Art life and organization, 1601–1700: Artistic environment
- attributions
- collaboration
- commentaries
- drawings
- etchings
- frames
- groups and movements
- methods
- paintings
- landscape
- France, §III, 3(ii): Painting & graphic arts, c 1620–c 1715: Influence of Venice and Rome
- History painting, §I, 3: 17th century
- Italy, §III, 5(ii)(b): High Baroque painting, c 1620–c 1650: Rome
- Landscape painting, §II, 5(i): 17th century: Artists working in Italy
- Landscape painting, §II, 6: 18th century
- Mythological painting and sculpture, §4: The Baroque period, c 1595–c 1700
- marine
- wall
- watercolours
- patrons and collectors
- England, §XII, 4: Patronage, c 1700–c 1800
- Alexander VII, Pope (reg 1655-67)
- Altieri (family)
- Angerstein, John Julius
- Angran, Louis-Auguste, Vicomte de Fontpertuis
- Aved, Jacques(-André-Joseph)
- Baring, Thomas (ii) (1799-1873)
- Beaumont, George (Howland)
- Beckford, William (1760-1844)
- Bentivoglio, Guido, Cardinal
- Bracciano, Livio Odescalchi, Duca di
- Bracciano, Paolo Giordano II Orsini, Duca di
- British Museum
- Bryan, Michael
- Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de
- Camuccini, Pietro
- Caraman, Duc de
- Carr, William Holwell
- Castel Rodrigo, Manuel de Moura y Corte Real, 2nd Marqués de
- Catherine II, Empress of Russia (reg 1762-96)
- Cavendish, William, 2nd Duke of Devonshire (1671-1729)
- Chigi, Agostino (ii) (1634-1705)
- Choiseul, Etienne-François, Duc de
- Christina, Queen of Sweden (reg 1632-54)
- Clark, Robert Sterling
- Clement IX, Pope (reg 1667-70)
- Clive, Robert, 1st Baron Clive
- Coke, Thomas, 1st Earl of Leicester of the 1st creation (1697-1759)
- Colebrooke, George
- Conti, Louis-François de Bourbon, Prince de (1717-76)
- Crescenzi, Francesco
- Crescenzi, Pietro Paolo, Cardinal
- Dezallier d'Argenville, Antoine-Joseph
- Ellis, Welbore Agar
- Esdaile, William
- Esterházy, Miklós II, Prince (1765-1833)
- Falconieri, Paolo Francesco (1626-96)
- George IV, King of Great Britain (reg 1820-30)
- Giori, Angelo, Cardinal
- Giustiniani (i), Vincenzo, Marchese
- Graham, William
- Grey (family)
- Grosvenor, Robert, 2nd Earl of Grosvenor and 1st Marquess of Westminster
- Hanover, Frederick (Louis), Prince of Wales (1707-51)
- Harcourt, Simon, 1st Earl Harcourt of Stanton Harcourt and 2nd Earl Nuneham
- Herbert, Thomas, 8th Earl of Pembroke
- Hesselin, Louis(-Cauchon)
- Hoare (i), Henry the younger (1705-85)
- Jabach, Everard
- John V, King of Portugal (reg 1706-50)
- Josephine, Empress of the French (1763-1814)
- Knight, Richard Payne
- La Live de Jully, Ange-Laurent de
- Lely, Peter
- Lempereur, Jean-Denis, II
- Le Nôtre, André
- Liancourt, Duc de
- Locke, William (1732-1810)
- Long, Charles, 1st Baron Farnborough
- Louis XIII, King of France (reg 1610-43)
- Lowther, William, 3rd Baronet of Marske
- Loyd, Samuel Jones, 1st Baron Overstone
- Mariette, Pierre-Jean
- Massimo, Camillo (Carlo), Cardinal
- Mead, Richard
- Medici, Leopoldo de', Cardinal
- Miles, Philip John
- Montagu-Douglas-Scott, Walter Francis, 5th Duke of Buccleuch, 7th Duke of Queensberry
- Morice, Humphry
- Morrison, James
- Munro (of Novar), H(ugh) A(ndrew) J(ohnstone)
- Paliano and Castiglione, Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna, Duke of
- Pamphili (family)
- Pamphili, Camillo, Prince
- Périer, Casimir
- Piles, Roger de
- Reynolds, Joshua
- Richelieu, Armand-Jean Du Plessis, Cardinal de
- Richelieu, Louis-François Armand-Jean Vignerod du Plessis, Duc de (1629-1715)
- Rogers, Samuel
- Saint-Morys, Charles Paul Jean-Baptiste de Bourgevin Vialart de
- Sanford, John
- Seymour-Conway, Richard, 4th Marquess of Hertford
- Temple, Richard, 1st Viscount Cobham
- Tessin, Carl Gustav, Count
- Urban VIII, Pope (reg 1623-44)
- Vassal de Saint-Hubert, Jean-Antoine-Hubert
- Verrue, Jeanne-Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, Comtesse de
- Verstolk van Soelen, Jan Gijsbert, Baron
- Vos (ii) Jbzn, Jacob de (1803-82)
- Wellesley, Henry
- Wilson, Andrew
- Yusupov, Nikolay (Borisovich), Prince (1751-1831)
- personal collection
- pupils
- reproductions on porcelain
- reproductive prints by others
- Boydell, John
- Browne, John
- Daubigny, Charles-François
- Earlom, Richard
- Frenzel, Johann Gottfried Abraham
- Pond, Arthur
- Pye, John
- Vivares, François
- Volpato, Giovanni
- Voogd, Hendrik
- teachers
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