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	Calligraphy. The art of fine writing with brush and ink or pen and ink, frequently used as a means of decoration and artistic expression as well as written communication. For detailed surveys of different traditions of calligraphic art see under CHINA, JAPAN, KOREA, INDIAN SUBCONTINENT and ISLAMIC ART; for the art of fine penmanship in the West see SCRIPT.
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	calligraphy Book, §3: Decoration and illustration collections see under COLLECTIONS -> types conservation Album, §1: East Asia Ink, §III: Conservation display Japan, §VII, 1(iii)(c): Calligraphy: Kamakura, Muromachi and Momoyama periods Japan, §VII, 2(vi)(c): Literati calligraphy: Founders of Karayo education see under EDUCATION (ART) -> types exhibitions see under EXHIBITIONS -> types historical and regional traditions Afghanistan Islamic art, §III, 2(i)(b): Calligraphers and their education Islamic art, §III, 6: Papercuts Algeria Algeria, §3: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture Buddhism China, §IV, 2(iv): Calligraphy: Song and Jin China, §IV, 4: Calligraphy: Collections Tibet, §V, 9: Prints China China, §IV, 2(iv)(c): Calligraphy: Chan Buddhist China, §IV, 2(v)(c): Calligraphy: Chan Buddhist Japan Ikkyu Sojun Ingen Ryuki Japan, §VII, 1(i)(b): Calligraphy: Introduction of Chinese calligraphy Japan, §VII, 2(i): Calligraphy: Buddhist scriptures Japan, §VII, 2(i)(a): Calligraphy: Buddhist scriptures, before A 794 Japan, §VII, 2(i)(b): Calligraphy: Buddhist scriptures, Heian period Japan: Obaku Japan, §VII, 2(vi)(b): Literati calligraphy: Obaku masters Japan: Zen Hakuin Ekaku Japan, §VII, 2(iv): Calligraphy: Zen Buddhist masters Japan, §VII, 2(iv)(b): Calligraphy: Principal traditions: Zen Buddhist masters: Forms Central Asia, Eastern Central Asia, §II, 5(iii): Eastern: Calligraphy Central Asia, §II, 5(xi): Eastern: Paper Central Asia, Western Central Asia, §I, 7(v): Western: Pottery, late 9th century–c late 10th China Brushline China, §I: Introduction China, §IV, 1: Calligraphy: Introduction China, §IV: Calligraphy China, §IV, 1(ii): Calligraphy: Materials and techniques China, §IV, 2(i): Calligraphy: Shang to Warring States China, §IV, 2: Calligraphy: Historical development China, §IV, 2(ii): Calligraphy: Qin to Sui China, §IV, 2(ii)(e): Calligraphy: Northern and Southern Dynasties China, §IV, 2(ii)(f): Calligraphy: Sui China, §IV, 2(iii): Calligraphy: Tang to Five Dynasties China, §IV, 2(iii)(b): Calligraphy: Middle Tang China, §IV, 2(v): Calligraphy: Yuan China, §IV, 2(vi): Calligraphy: Ming China, §IV, 2(vii): Calligraphy: Qing China, §IV, 2(viii): Calligraphy: 1912 and after China, §IV, 3: Calligraphy: Theory and criticism China, §V, 4(ii): Literati painters and institutions China, §XIII, 22(iii): Seals: Song to Yuan China, §XIV, 6: Popular and national minorities’ art: Paper China, §XV, 1: Art training: Traditional China, §XXI: Historiography Ink, §II, 1(i): Uses in East Asia: Painting and calligraphy Japan, §VII, 1(i)(a): Calligraphy: Origins of Japanese scripts Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en Poetry and painting Stele, §4: China Five Dynasties (AD 907-60) China, §IV, 2(iii)(d): Calligraphy: Five Dynasties Han period (206 BC-AD 220) China, §I, 7(i): Concept of art: Classification China, §I, 8(ii): Status of art: Craftsman China, §IV, 2(ii)(b): Calligraphy: Han Jin period (AD 1115-1234) China, §IV, 2(iv)(b): Calligraphy: Jin and Southern Song literati and imperial China, §IV, 2(v)(a): Calligraphy: Early Yuan literati literati Japan, §VII, 2(vi): Calligraphy: Literati Ming period (1368-1644) China, §IV, 2(vi)(a): Calligraphy: Early Ming China, §IV, 2(vi)(b): Calligraphy: Middle Ming China, §IV, 2(vi)(c): Calligraphy: Late Ming Qing period (1644-1911) China, §IV, 2(vii)(a): Calligraphy: Early Qing China, §IV, 2(vii)(b): Calligraphy: Middle Qing Qin period (221-206 BC) China, §IV, 2(ii)(a): Calligraphy: Qin Shang period (c. 1600-c. 1050 BC) China, §IV, 2(i)(a): Calligraphy: Shang China, §IV, 2(i)(b): Calligraphy: Zhou to Warring States Song period (AD 960-1279) China, §IV, 2(iv)(a): Calligraphy: Northern Song literati Tang period (AD 618-907) China, §IV, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy: Early Tang Three Kingdoms (AD 220-80) China, §IV, 2(ii)(c): Calligraphy: Three Kingdoms Western and Eastern Jin period (AD 265-420) China, §IV, 2(ii)(d): Calligraphy: Western and Eastern Jin Wang (i): (1) Wang Xizhi 4th cent. AD Taizong 18th cent. Colophon, §1: China 20th cent. China, §IV, 2(viii)(b): Calligraphy: 1912 and after Confucianism Japan, §VII, 2(vi)(d): Literati calligraphy: Confucian scholars Egypt Islamic art, §III, 2(i)(a): Calligraphy: Forms, materials and equipment Koran, §3: Physical presentation Egypt, ancient Egypt, ancient, §XI, 3(iii): Calligraphy Hausa Hausa, §5: Other arts Indian subcontinent Indian subcontinent, §I, 4(ii): Epigraphy: Scripts and palaeography Indian subcontinent, §III, 6(ii)(b): 11th–16th-century Indo-Islamic architecture: North Indian subcontinent, §III, 6(ii)(e): 11th–16th-century Indo-Islamic architecture: Central Indian subcontinent, §V, 7(iv)(c): Sculpture, 10th–13th centuries: Central Indian subcontinent, §VIII, 3: Calligraphy Indian subcontinent, §X, 2: Village art: Domestic arts Indonesia Indonesia, §I, 3(iv): Religion, iconography and subject-matter: Islamic Iran Islamic art, §II, 7(ii)(a): Architecture: Iran, c 1500–c 1700 Islamic art, §III, 2(iv)(b): Calligraphy, c 1400–c 1800: New scripts Iraq Iraq Islamic art, §III, 2(iii)(c): Calligraphy, c 900–c 1400: The Six Pens Islamic Hashem Muhammad al-Baghdadi Islamic art, §I, 6(ii): Patronage and art life: Urban Islamic art, §I, 7: Status of the artist Islamic art, §I, 8(vii): Subject-matter: Writing Islamic art, §III, 2(i): Calligraphy: Introduction Islamic art, §III, 2: Calligraphy Islamic art, §III, 2(i)(c): Calligraphy: Treatises Islamic art, §III, 2(ii)(a): Calligraphy, before c AD 900: Early evidence Islamic art, §III, 2(ii): Calligraphy, before c AD 900 Islamic art, §III, 2(ii)(b): Calligraphy, before c AD 900: Early Abbasid scripts Islamic art, §III, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy, c 900–c 1400: New Abbasid style Islamic art, §III, 2(iii): Calligraphy, c 900–c 1400 Islamic art, §III, 2(iii)(b): Calligraphy, c 900–c 1400: Maghribi scripts Islamic art, §III, 2(iii)(c): Calligraphy, c 900–c 1400: The Six Pens Islamic art, §III, 2(iv): Calligraphy, c 1400–c 1800 Islamic art, §III, 2(iv)(a): Calligraphy, c 1400–c 1800: Old scripts Islamic art, §III, 2(iv)(b): Calligraphy, c 1400–c 1800: New scripts Islamic art, §III, 2(v): Calligraphy, after c 1800 Ottoman Hafiz Osman Mounting, §3: Islamic lands and India Spain Islamic art, §II, 6(iv)(a): Architecture, c 1250–c 1500: Spain Japan Fujiwara (ii) Japan, §VII, 1(i): Calligraphy: Development of Japanese scripts Japan, §VII, 1: Calligraphy: Introduction Japan, §VII: Calligraphy Japan, §VII, 1(ii): Calligraphy materials, techniques and design Japan, §VII, 1(ii)(a): Calligraphy materials, techniques and design: Introduction Japan, §VII, 1(iii): Calligraphy: Historical overview Japan, §VII, 2: Calligraphy: Principal traditions Japan, §VII, 2(ii): Calligraphy: Early courtly styles Japan, §VII, 2(ii)(b): Calligraphy: Early courtly styles, Middle Heian period Japan, §VII, 2(iii): Calligraphy: Shoren’in school Japan, §VII, 2(v): Calligraphy: Kyoto revival of late courtly styles Japan, §VII, 2(vi)(e): Literati calligraphy: Painter–calligraphers Japan, §VII, 2(vii): Calligraphy: Modern Japan, §XIV, 3(i): Tea ceremony utensils: Types and functions Japan, §XIV, 4: Tea ceremony calligraphy Japan, §XIV, 4(i): Tea ceremony calligraphy: Early use of bokuseki and other forms Ono no Michikaze Edo period (1600-1868) Japan, §VII, 1(iii)(e): Calligraphy: Modern Japan, §VII, 2(v)(a): Calligraphy: Kyoto revival of late courtly styles Ryokan Gokyogoku Japan, §VII, 2(ii)(d): Calligraphy: Early courtly styles, Early Kamakura period Heian period (AD 794-1185) Japan, §VII, 1(i)(d): Calligraphy: Court aesthetics Hosshoji Japan, §VII, 2(ii)(c): Calligraphy: Early courtly styles, Late Heian period Meiji period (1868-1912) Yang Shoujing Sesonji Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en Shoren'in Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(b): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Later practioners Showa period (1926-89) Japan, §VII, 2(vii)(b): Modern calligraphy: Masters and principal groups of the 19th–20th centuries Zenga Sengai Gibon Jewish art Micrography Korea Korea, §V: Calligraphy Korea, §V, 4: Calligraphy: Choson, 1392–1910 Neo-Confucianism Japan, §VII, 2(vi)(a): Literati calligraphy: Pakistan Pakistan, §III: Painting Sudan Sudan, §4: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture Taiwan Taiwan, §2(i): Chinese, Japanese and Western artistic influences materials aluminium Japan, §VII, 1(ii)(b): Calligraphy materials, techniques and design: Ink brushes Brush, §1: Materials and manufacture Japan, §VII, 1(ii)(c): Calligraphy materials, techniques and design: Brushes Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en inksticks Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en paper Japan, §VII, 1(ii)(d): Calligraphy materials, techniques and design: Paper Japan, §VII, 2(iii)(a): Calligraphy of the Shoren’in school: Prince Son’en Paper, decorative pens Pen Pen, §2: Quill types black exercise Islamic art, §III, 2(iv)(b): Calligraphy, c 1400–c 1800: New scripts uses screens (ii) (furniture) Japan, §VII, 1(iii)(b): Calligraphy: Heian period see also CARMINA FIGURATA; SCRIPTS; WRITINGS

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