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	Bramante, Donato (b Monte Asdrualdo [now Fermignano, Marches], ?1443–4; d Rome, 11 April 1514). Italian architect, painter and engineer. His esteemed reputation as the father of High Renaissance architecture rests on a series of projects initiated towards the end of his life in Rome, including the enormous extension to the Vatican Palace and the new plans for the rebuilding of St Peter’s. Although few of these buildings, even his masterpiece, the Tempietto, exist in the form in which they were conceived, it is still clear that they constituted a decisive departure from the traditions of the recent past. Due to his patron Pope Julius II taking full advantage of the opportunities presented, and through a profound re-evaluation of the heritage of Classical antiquity, Bramante achieved in these buildings a dignity and majesty quite new to Renaissance architecture. Already recognized by his contemporaries as a great innovator, Bramante had by far the most enduring and pervasive influence on the course of architecture throughout the 16th century.
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	Bramante, Donato Humanism, §3: Humanism and the visual arts Italy, §III, 3(i)(e): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Status of the artist Milan, §IV, 1(i)(b): Cathedral architecture, after c 1400 Ornament and pattern, §II, 3(i): Western Renaissance and Mannerist Urbino, §2: Art life and organization architecture Classicism, §1: Introduction Classicism, §4: Renaissance to 17th century Dosio, Giovanni Antonio Rome, §III, 4(i): Art life and organization, 1503–49 cathedrals Gothic survival, §1: Background and characteristics Pavia, §1: History and urban development churches Church, §I, 2(iv)(a): Centrally planned: Renaissance and after: Roman Catholic St Peter's (Vatican, Rome) Borghese: (1) Paul V Cola da Caprarola Orders, architectural, §II, 3: Giant order: Renaissance and after Rome, §II, 3(ii): Urban development, 1500–1600 Rome, §V, 14(ii)(a): St Peter’s: Architecture S Ambrogio (Milan) Italy, §II, 3(ii): High Renaissance architecture, c 1500–c 1520 S Maria di Canepanova (Pavia) Barnabites S Maria delle Grazie (Milan) Dome, §3(ii): Western architecture, after c 1000 Milan, §I, 2: History and urban development, 1162–1499 S Maria di Loreto (Rome) Duca: (1) Giacomo del Duca S Maria di Loreto (Loreto) Loreto, §II, 1(i)(a): S Maria di Loreto: Basilica architecture S Maria del Popolo (Rome) Sansovino, Andrea, §1(iii): Loreto and Florence, 1513–29 S Maria presso S Celso (Milan) Lombardo, Cristoforo S Maria presso S Satiro (Milan) Illusionism, §2(i)(a): Large-scale projects, c 1450–c 1600 Terracotta, §II, 2(ii)(a): History and uses in the Western world: Architecture, before c 1700 Tempietto (S Pietro in Montorio, Rome) Crypt, §2: Later developments Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(a): Renaissance and after: Re-creation of Roman orders Renaissance, §4(i): High Renaissance: Architecture Rotunda, §2: From mausoleum to cenotaph courtyards Courtyard Italy, §XIV, 1: Museums: Renaissance collections Milan, §IV, 2(i): S Ambrogio: Architecture Peretti: (1) Pope Sixtus V Pius IV, Pope Rome, §V, 14(iii)(a): Vatican Palace: Architecture Simonetti, Michelangelo Villa, §II, 1: Renaissance and Baroque, c 1400–c 1700: History and development crypts Vault façade decoration Façade decoration, §I, 1: Painting: History and development niches Display of art, §III, 2(i): Sculpture, c 1500–c 1700 nymphaea Grotto orders (architecture) Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(c): Renaissance and after: Invention of new orders palazzi Bergamo, §2: Art life and organization Loreto, §I: History and urban development Loreto, §II, 2: Palazzo Apostolico Raphael, §I, 2(ii): Planned and built architecture Urbino, §4: Palazzo Ducale piers (ii) (masonry) Concrete, §II, 1(ii): Renaissance architecture Pier (ii), §2: History and development shrines (i) (cult) Loreto, §II, 1: S Maria di Loreto Loreto, §II, 1(ii)(a): S Maria di Loreto: Santa Casa architecture and sculpture squares (town) Caramuel de Lobkowitz, Juan staircases Monte, del: (1) Pope Julius III Staircase, §I, 3: Renaissance attributions Carafa: (1) Oliviero Carafa Justus of Ghent, §3: Attributional controversies Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Master of the Barberini Panels Urbino, §4(iii): Palazzo Ducale: Main range choirs Coffering, §1(ii): Western: Renaissance and after Theatre, §III, 2(i)(a): Italy: Renaissance architecture collaboration Dolcebuono, Giovanni Giacomo Fonduli: (2) Agostino Fonduli Reproduction of works of art, §2(i): 15th–17th centuries Sangallo, da: (4) Antonio da Sangallo (ii), §1(i): Life and work, before 1520 Sansovino, Andrea, §1(ii): Rome, 1505–13 commentaries Albertini, Francesco drawings Architectural drawing, §2(i): 15th and 16th centuries Rome, §V, 14(i)(a): Old St Peter’s: Architecture friezes Heraldry, §II, 3: Western ecclesiastical Milan, §II, 2(ii): Art life and organization, 1278–1499: Stylistic development and patronage paintings Italy, §III, 3(ii)(b): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Other centres patrons and collectors Dominican Order Dominican Order, §III: Patronage Julius II, Pope (reg 1503-13) Antique, the, §4(i): The rediscovery of ancient sculpture: Collections and museums Christianity, §II, 2: Patronage: Western Church Renaissance, §4: High Renaissance Rome, §III, 4: Art life and organization, 1503–1600 Rome, §V, 14: Vatican Rovere, della (i): (2) Pope Julius II Ludovico (Maria), 7th Duke of Milan (reg 1494-99) Italy, §II, 3(i)(b): Early Renaissance architecture, c 1400–c 1500: Lombardy Sforza: (5) Ludovico Sforza Sforza, Ascanio Maria, Cardinal Sforza: (6) Ascanio Maria Sforza pupils Cesariano, Cesare, §1: Early life and work, before 1521 restorations by others Beltrami, Luca Cavenaghi, Luigi

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