Term applied to a drawing in black, red and white chalks, often carried out on tinted paper; the technique was particularly employed by Antoine Watteau, among others, in the early part of the 18th century. The variant terms aux deux crayons (black and red chalks) and aux quatre crayons (black, white and two shades of red chalk) are occasionally also used (see DRAWING, colour pl. I, fig. 2).

• drawings... (cont.)
  • historical and regional traditions... (cont.)
    • Cuba (Caribbean)
      • Cuba, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Egypt, ancient
      • Egypt, ancient, §X, 1: Painting and drawing: Introduction
      • Egypt, ancient, §X: Painting and drawing
      • Egypt, ancient, §X, 3: Drawing
      • Egypt, ancient, §X, 4: Papyrus illustration
    • England
      • Drawing, §IV, 6: 19th century
      • Modernism
        • Moore, Henry, §1(ii): Life and work, 1940 and after
      • 17th cent.
        • Loggan, David
      • 19th cent.
        • Erotic art, §I, 2(iii): Western world, c 1700–c 1900
    • France
      • Drawing, §IV, 4: 17th century
    • Germany
      • Dürer: (1) Albrecht Dürer, §II, 2: Working methods and technique: Media
      • Germany, §III, 2(ii)(a): Renaissance painting and graphic arts: Introduction of Italian idiom
    • Gothic
      • Gothic, §IV, 3: Painting: Working practices
      • Gothic, §IV, 4(iii): Painting techniques: Illumination, modelling and treatment of surface
    • Greece, ancient
      • Kleanthes of Corinth
    • Guyana
      • Guyana, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Indian subcontinent
      • Daswanth
      • Indian subcontinent, §I, 11: Historiography
      • Indian subcontinent, §VI, 4(iv)(f): Pahari painting styles, 16th century–1947: Chamba
      • Mughal
        • Basawan, §2: Mature works
    • Indonesia
      • Indonesia, §VII, 1(i): Traditional painting and drawing: Java
      • Indonesia, §VII, 1: Traditional painting and drawing
      • Indonesia, §VII, 2(i): Colonial and modern painting and drawing: Java
    • Italy
      • Drawing, §IV, 5: 18th century
      • Baroque
        • Anatomical studies, §3: Illustration in the Baroque and Enlightment periods
      • Mannerism
        • Veronese, Paolo, §II, 2: Working methods and technique: Drawings and oil sketches
      • Renaissance
        • Anatomical studies, §2(i): Renaissance: Alberti and Florentine followers
        • Drawing, §IV, 3: Renaissance
        • Ghirlandaio: (1) Domenico Ghirlandaio, §II, 1: Technique
      • 16th cent.
        • Pontormo, Jacopo da
        • Rome, §VII, 2(i): Sculpture gardens, 15th century and early 16th
      • 18th cent.
        • Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, §2(ii): Working methods and technique: Drawings
    • Mexico
      • Mexico, §IV, 1(ii): Painting, graphic arts & sculp.: Neo-classicism, c 1780–c 1830
    • Native North Americans
      • Native North American art, §IV, 1(iv)(b): Painting before European contact: Plains
    • Netherlands, the
      • Avercamp: (1) Hendrick Avercamp, §1(ii): Drawings
      • Rome, ancient, §II, 2(i)(f): Architecture in Rome and Italy: Antoninus Pius to Severus Alexander
    • Panama
      • Panama, §III, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, 1501–1903
    • Paraguay
      • Paraguay, §IV, 2: Painting, graphic arts, sculpture and pottery, after c 1811
    • Poland
      • Norblin de la Gourdaine, Jan Piotr
    • Prehistoric art
      • Prehistoric Europe, §II, 2(iii)(b): Palaeolithic cave and rock art: Painting
      • Prehistoric Europe, §II, 2(vi): Palaeolithic cave and rock art: Dating
    • Romania
      • Romania, §III, 4: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, after c 1890
    • Russia
      • Russia, §IV, 2(i): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, c 1700–c 1800
      • Russia, §IV, 2(ii): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, c 1800–c 1900
    • St Vincent
      • Antilles, Lesser, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Surinam
      • Surinam, §V: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
    • Switzerland
      • Psychotic art
    • Venezuela
      • Venezuela, §IV, 1: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, 1514–1821
      • Venezuela, §IV: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Venezuela, §IV, 2: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, 1821–c 1900
      • Venezuela, §IV, 3: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture, after c 1900
  • lighting
    • Conservation and restoration, §II, 1(i)(c): Reduction of light levels
    • Drawing, §VI, 1: Preservation
  • materials
    • chalk see under forms
    • charcoal see under forms
    • crayons
      • Crayon
    • fixatives
      • Charcoal
    • glazes
      • Frame, §III, 6: France: Rococo
    • graphite
      • Architectural drawing, §2(ii): 17th and 18th centuries
    • inks see DRAWINGS, INKS
    • paper
      • Drawing, §III, 1: Supports
      • Paper, §V, 1: Uses: Drawing and painting
    • pens
      • Pen
      • Pen, §2: Quill
    • port crayons see PORT CRAYONS
    • varnishes
      • Varnish, §2: Uses
  • techniques
    • reproduction
      • Photography, §I, 2: Processes and materials: Glossary
    • skiagraphia
      • Greece, ancient, §VI, 2(i): Wall and panel painting: Geometric to Archaic
  • types
    • allegorical
    • architectural
      • Academy, §4: The influence of the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture
      • Architectural drawing
      • Architectural drawing, §1: Medieval
      • Architectural drawing, §2: Renaissance and after
      • Archives, §3(ii): Modern sources and methods
      • Competition, §I, 3: Architecture, 1800–1900
      • Conceptual art
      • Mason (i), §II, 1: The masons: Roles and responsibilities
      • Photography, §I, 2: Processes and materials: Glossary
      • Setting out
      • Template
      • Tracing floor
      • Austria
        • Moulding, §I: Introduction
      • Carolingian
        • Carolingian art, §II, 2: Architecture, AD 814–40
      • Denmark
        • Denmark, §II, 1(iii): Architecture, before 1540: Gothic
      • England
        • Garden, §VIII, 4(iv)(f): British Isles: The Brownian reaction and aftermath, c 1750–c 1800
      • England: Romanticism
        • Palmer, Samuel, §1(ii): Italy and after, 1837–81
      • England: 16th cent.
        • Thorpe, John
      • England: 17th cent.
        • Place, Francis
      • England: 19th cent.
        • Ruskin, John, §2: Writings
      • France
        • Military architecture and fortification, §III, 2(iii): France, c 1450–c 1870
      • France: Gothic
        • Gothic, §IV, 5(ii): Painting: Parisian and related styles, c 1240–c 1320
      • France: Rococo
        • Blondel: (2) Jacques-François Blondel, §1: Early training, teaching and writings
      • France: 13th cent.
        • Villard de Honnecourt
      • France: 16th cent.
        • L’Orme, Philibert de, §1(iii): Works for Catherine de’ Medici, 1563–70
      • France: 18th cent.
        • Boullée, Etienne-Louis
        • Peyre: (1) Marie-Joseph Peyre
      • France: 19th cent.
        • Architectural drawing, §2(iii): 19th century and after
      • Germany
        • Lodgebook
      • Germany: Gothic
        • Böblinger: (3) Matthäus Böblinger
        • Böblinger: (7) Hans Böblinger III
      • Germany: 18th cent.
        • Weinbrenner, Friedrich, §3: Public and religious buildings
      • Gothic
        • Architectural proportion, §I, 3: Before c 1450: Masonic drawing
      • Greece, ancient
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 1(iv): Architects, masons and society
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 3(ii): Architectural drawings, models and specifications
        • Greece, ancient, §II, 3(iv): Architectural theory and design: Module
      • Italy
        • Architectural drawing, §2(i): 15th and 16th centuries
      • Italy: Futurism
        • Sant’Elia, Antonio
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Brunelleschi, Filippo, §I, 1(i): Dome of Florence Cathedral
      • Italy: 16th cent.
        • Holanda, de: (2) Francisco de Holanda, §1: To 1540
        • Rome, §V, 14(i)(a): Old St Peter’s: Architecture
      • Netherlands, the
        • Garden, §VIII, 4(v): The Netherlands, c 1550–c 1800
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Borssom, Anthonie van
        • Saenredam: (2) Pieter Saenredam, §1: Life and work
      • Portugal
        • Santos, Reinaldo Manuel dos, §1: Civic work in Lisbon
      • United States of America
        • Archives, §3(iii): Modern ordering and access
        • Graves, Michael
        • Jefferson, Thomas, §3(ii): Architectural work in America, 1789–1826
        • Office for Metropolitan Architecture
      • see also CAPRICCIOS
    • blot
      • Blot drawing
      • see also AUTOMATISM; DECALCOMANIA
    • elevation
      • Elevation
    • figure
      • Greece, ancient, §V, 1: Pottery: Introduction
      • Greece, ancient, §V, 7: White-ground pottery
    • genre
      • Goyen, Jan van, §2(ii): Drawings
    • landscape
      • Belgium
        • Cock: (2) Matthijs Cock
        • Metsys: (3) Cornelis Massys
      • England
        • Cozens: (1) Alexander Cozens
        • Dyck, Anthony van, §V: Critical reception and posthumous reputation
        • Style, §1(iv): Usages and problems: Tetrad etc
      • Germany
        • Danube school, §1: Characteristics
      • Italy
        • Claude Lorrain, §I, 1(iii): Training and early work, to c 1640: Studies of nature and light
        • Drawing, §III, 3(ii): Techniques and processes: Creative
        • Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco
      • Netherlands, the: Mannerism
        • Bloemaert: (1) Abraham Bloemaert, §2: Drawings
        • Heemskerck, Maarten van, §2: Visit to Italy, 1532–6/7
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Berchem, Nicolaes, §2(ii): Drawings and etchings
        • Breenbergh, Bartholomeus, §1(i): Italian period, c 1619–c 1629
        • Esselens, Jacob
        • Huygens: (2) Constantijn Huygens (ii)
        • Saftleven: (2) Herman Saftleven II, §2: Drawings and prints
        • Valckenborch, van: (3) Frederik van Valckenborch
        • Velde, van de (i): (2) Jan van de Velde II
        • Visscher, Claes Jansz.
        • Watercolour, §2(i): 16th century–mid-18th
    • life-drawings
      • Academy
      • Academy, §2: The first official academies
      • London, §VI, 1: Royal Academy of Arts: Origins and development
      • Nude, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance, to 1600
      • China
        • China, §V, 3(vii)(d): Figure painting: Qing and after
      • Germany
        • Dürer: (1) Albrecht Dürer, §I, 2: Nuremberg and first visit to Italy, May 1494–late spring 1495
      • see also ACADEMY FIGURES; SUR LE MOTIF
    • literary themes
      • Vanderbank, John
    • marine
      • Storck (i): (2) Abraham Storck
      • Velde, van de (ii), §II: (1) Willem van de Velde I
      • Velde, van de (ii), §II: (2) Willem van de Velde II
      • Vroom: (1) Hendrick Vroom
    • mythological
      • France
        • Lafage, Raymond
      • Italy
        • Ferrari, de’: (1) Gregorio de’ Ferrari
        • Gay and lesbian art, §1: Questions of identity, before the 1890s
        • Giulio Romano, §I, 3(ii): Works for Federico Gonzaga, 1524–40: Palazzo del Te
        • Rosso Fiorentino, §3: Central Italy and Venice, 1527–30
    • presentation
      • Drawing, §II, 3: Presentation and contract drawings
      • Lippi: (2) Filippino Lippi, §1(iv): Late works, 1494 and after
      • Terracotta, §II, 2(ii)(d): History and uses in the Western world: Architecture, c 1890–c 1930
    • religious
      • Portugal
        • Holanda, de: (2) Francisco de Holanda, §2: 1540–57
    • section
      • Section