Term applied to a drawing in black, red and white chalks, often carried out on tinted paper; the technique was particularly employed by Antoine Watteau, among others, in the early part of the 18th century. The variant terms aux deux crayons (black and red chalks) and aux quatre crayons (black, white and two shades of red chalk) are occasionally also used (see DRAWING, colour pl. I, fig. 2).

• drawings
  • Academy, §1: Origins and early development
  • Academy, §5: Academic ideals versus practical concerns
  • Aquatint, §2(i): Experiments and prototypes, c 1650–c 1760
  • Drawing
  • Drawing, §I: Introduction
  • Drawing, §II: Function and purpose
  • Drawing, §III: Materials and techniques
  • Drawing, §III, 2(iv): Graphite and pencil
  • Drawing, §IV: History
  • Drawing, §V: Collections
  • Heraldry, §II, 1(iv): Western art of heraldry: Aesthetics
  • cleaning
    • Drawing, §VI, 2: Conservation
  • conservation
    • Chalk, §2: Conservation
    • Crayon, §2: Conservation
    • Drawing, §VI: Conservation
    • Ink, §III: Conservation
    • Metalpoint, §2: Conservation
  • display
    • Album, §1: East Asia
    • Display of art
    • Display of art, §IV: Drawings, prints and watercolours
  • education see under EDUCATION (ART)
  • forms
    • chalk
      • Drawing, §III, 2(ii): Friable sticks
      • Belgium
        • Boudewijns, Adriaen Frans
        • Rubens, Peter Paul, §II: Working methods and technique
      • England
        • Füssli: (3) Henry Fuseli, §1: Life and work
      • France: Baroque
        • Vouet, Simon, §1: Early years and Italy, 1590–mid-1627
      • France: Mannerism
        • Caron, Antoine
      • France: Rococo
        • Watteau: (1) Antoine Watteau, §2: Working methods and technique
      • France: 17th cent.
        • Mellan, Claude
      • France: 18th cent.
        • Bouchardon: (1) Edme Bouchardon
        • Chalk, §1: Types and history
      • France: 19th cent.
        • Prud’hon, Pierre-Paul, §1(iv): The First Empire, c 1805–15
      • Germany
        • Grünewald, Matthias, §3: Working methods and technique
      • Indonesia
        • Indonesia, §VII, 1(iii): Traditional painting and drawing: Sumatra and other islands
      • Italy: Baroque
        • Baglione, Giovanni, §1: Life and art
        • Carracci, §II: (3) Annibale Carracci, §I, 2: Drawings
        • Cortona, Pietro da, §I, 2: Drawings
        • Counterproof
      • Italy: Mannerism
        • Cellini, Benvenuto, §I, 3: In the service of Francis I in France, 1540–45
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Leonardo da Vinci, §I, 5: Rome and France, after 1513
        • Leonardo da Vinci, §II, 2: Drawings
        • Model, artist’s, §2: 15th century
        • Presentation drawing
        • Raphael, §II: Working methods and technique
        • Stylus
      • Italy: 16th cent.
        • Carracci, §II: (1) Ludovico Carracci, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Italy: 17th cent.
        • Mola (iii): (2) Pier Francesco Mola, §2: Public commissions and mature works in Rome, 1647–57
      • Italy: 18th cent.
        • Carstens, Asmus Jakob, §2: Rome, 1792–8
      • Netherlands, the: Baroque
        • Rembrandt van Rijn, §I, 3(iii): Amsterdam, late 1631–c 1640: Drawings
      • Netherlands, the: Romanticism
        • Voogd, Hendrik
      • Netherlands, the: Symbolism
        • Toorop: (1) Jan Toorop
      • Netherlands, the: 16th cent.
        • Scorel, Jan van, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Dusart, Cornelis
        • Renesse, Constantijn van
    • charcoal
      • Secco, §1(i): Materials and techniques: Tempera
      • Belgium
        • Belgium, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, after 1900
      • Germany
        • Cornelius, Peter, §2: Germany and European travels, 1819–67
      • Italy
        • Piazzetta: (2) Giovanni Battista Piazzetta, §1(i)(c): Painting, 1730–45
      • Portugal
        • Sequeira: (1) Domingos António de Sequeira, §3: Late work in Paris and Rome, 1823–36
    • crayon
      • Crayon, §1: Types and properties
      • Feminism and art, §4: (?)Post-feminism, the 1980s and the 1990s
      • Seurat, Georges, §2(i): Working methods and technique: Drawing
      • South Africa, §IV, 1: Painting and drawing
    • graphite
      • Rodin, Auguste, §1(iii): Paris and Meudon, 1895–1917
    • ground
      • Haiti, §II, 2: Afro-Caribbean cultures
    • ink
      • Drawing, §III, 2(i): Ink and wash
      • Ink, §I, 1(i)(a): Writing and drawing in Asia
      • Ink, §I, 1(i): Writing and drawing in Asia
      • Ink, §I, 1: Writing and drawing
      • Ink, §I: Types and properties
      • Ink, §I, 1(i)(b): Writing and drawing in Asia
      • Ink, §I, 1(ii)(a): Writing & drawing in the Middle East & the Western world
      • Ink, §I, 1(ii): Writing & drawing in the Middle East & the Western world
      • Ink, §I, 1(ii)(b):Writing & drawing in the Middle East & the Western world
      • Ink, §II: Uses
      • Ink, §II, 2(i): Uses in the Western world: Writing and drawing
      • Pen, §3: Metal
      • Africa
        • Africa, §IX, 2: Contemporary developments: Types of artist
      • Belgium: Early Netherlandish style
        • Eyck, van: (2) Jan van Eyck, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Belgium: Mannerism
        • Stradanus, Joannes, §2: Established career: Italy, 1546–75
      • Belgium: Renaissance
        • Bruegel: (1) Pieter Bruegel I, §II, 2: Drawings and prints
        • Wierix: (1) Jan Wierix
      • Belgium: 16th cent.
        • Broeck, van den: (2) Crispin van den Broeck
        • Vos, Marten de, §2(ii): Drawings
      • England: Art Nouveau
        • Beardsley, Aubrey
      • England: Neo-classicism
        • Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, §2(ii): Drawings
      • England: Neo-Romanticism
        • Neo-Romanticism
      • England: Romanticism
        • Mortimer, John Hamilton, §1(i): Early career and history paintings
      • England: 17th cent.
        • Barlow, Francis
      • England: 19th cent.
        • Birmingham, §2: Art life and organization
      • France: Art informel
        • Art informel
      • France: Baroque
        • Bella, Stefano della, §1(ii): Paris, 1639–50
      • France: Gothic
        • Gothic, §IV, 4(ii): Painting techniques: Colour
        • Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Master of the Parement de Narbonne
      • France: 17th cent.
        • Dieu, Antoine
      • France: 18th cent.
        • Audran: (3) Claude Audran III
        • Gibelin, Esprit-Antoine
        • Moreau: (1) Louis-Gabriel Moreau
        • Saint-Aubin, de: (2) Gabriel de Saint-Aubin
      • France: 19th cent.
        • Guys, Constantin
      • Germany: Gothic
        • Germany, §III, 2(i)(b): Painting and graphic arts: `International’ and Late Gothic: Graphic arts
        • Germany, §III, 2(ii)(d): Renaissance painting and graphic arts: Danube school
      • Germany: Renaissance
        • Breu: (2) Jörg Breu (ii)
      • Germany: 16th cent.
        • Pencz, Georg
        • Weyer, Gabriel
      • Germany: 19th cent.
        • Cornelius, Peter, §1: Early years and Rome, 1783–1819
      • Italy: Baroque
        • Ansaldo, Andrea
        • Guercino, §2: Drawings
        • Modello, §I: Drawn
      • Italy: Mannerism
        • Lomazzo, Giovanni Paolo, §1: Early career: Paintings and literary activities, 1560–71
        • Orsi, Lelio
        • Parmigianino, §1(iv): Parma and Casalmaggiore, 1530–40
      • Italy: Neo-Classicism
        • Giani, Felice, §2: Drawing
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Bandinelli, Baccio, §1(i): Before c 1522
        • Human proportion, §1: Introduction
        • Leonardo da Vinci, §I, 3: Second Florentine period, 1500–mid-1508
        • Mounting, §4(i): Western world: Historical origins
        • Pisanello
        • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §I, 3(i): Years of maturity, 1553–74: Palazzo Vecchio
      • Italy: 15th cent.
        • Spinelli: (2) Parri Spinelli
      • Italy: 16th cent.
        • Academy, §3: The spread of the academic idea
        • Allegory of art, §2: Enhancing the status of painting
      • Italy: 17th cent.
        • Castiglione: (2) Salvatore Castiglione
      • Italy: 19th cent.
        • Architectural conservation and restoration, §2: c 1800–c 1900
      • Mongolia
        • Mongolia, §IV, 9(ii): Secular painting
      • Native North Americans
        • Howling Wolf
      • Netherlands, the: Baroque
        • Pen, §1: Reed
      • Netherlands, the: Mannerism
        • Netherlands, the, §III, 4(ii): Painting and graphic arts, c 1550–c 1680: Haarlem
        • Netherlands,the, §III, 5: Painting and graphic arts, c 1680–c 1800
      • Netherlands, the: 15th cent.
        • Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Housebook Master, §2(ii): The Housebook
      • Netherlands, the: 16th cent.
        • Mander, van: (1) Karel van Mander I, §3: Artistic work
        • Mander, van: (1) Karel van Mander I, §3(i): Drawings
        • Swart, Jan
        • Winghe, van: (1) Joos van Winghe
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Bisschop, Jan de
        • Buytewech, Willem, §1(i): Drawings
        • Gheyn, de: (1) Jacques de Gheyn II, §1: Drawings
        • Ostade, van: (1) Adriaen van Ostade, §2: Drawings
      • Portugal
        • Venegas, Francisco
      • Spain
        • Castillo, Antonio del
      • Sudan
        • Sudan, §4: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture
      • Switzerland
        • Amman, Jost
        • Deutsch: (1) Niklaus Manuel Deutsch I
        • Graf, Urs, §1: Life and work
        • Leu, Hans, II
        • Lindtmayer: (2) Daniel Lindtmayer II
        • Stimmer: (1) Tobias Stimmer, §1: Schaffhausen, 1539–69
      • Tunisia
        • Tunisia, §3: Painting and sculpture
      • United States of America
        • Shakers, §2(ii): Gift drawings
      • 20th cent.
        • Automatism
    • leadpoints
      • Metalpoint
      • Villard de Honnecourt, §2(i): The portfolio: Contents
    • metalpoints
      • Bellini: (1) Jacopo Bellini, §I, 2: Drawings
      • Drawing, §III, 2(iii): Metalpoint
      • Metalpoint, §1: History
    • oil transfer
      • Klee, Paul, §1(iii): The Bauhaus years, 1920–33
    • pastel
      • Paint, §I, 5: Other types
      • Pastel, §2: History and use
      • England
        • Hilton, Roger
        • Luttrell , Edward
      • France
        • Cassatt, Mary, §1: Life and work
        • Degas, Edgar, §II, 4: Working methods and technique: Pastel
        • Nude, §4: The modern period, after 1800
        • Urban life, §2: The modern city
      • Germany
        • Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, §I, 2: Berlin street scenes and World War I, c 1913–c 1917
      • Italy
        • Carriera, Rosalba
      • Switzerland
        • Switzerland, §III, 3: Painting and graphic arts: Baroque & Rococo periods, c 1620–c 1770
    • pencil
      • Eggeling, Viking
    • sand
      • Aboriginal Australia, §III, 2: Central Australia
    • silverpoints
      • Roriczer: (3) Mathes Roriczer, §1: Architectural work
    • trois crayons, aux see aux trois crayons
    • wash
      • Belgium
        • Jordaens, Jacob, §2(i)(a): Paintings: History subjects
      • France
        • Boissieu, Jean-Jacques de
        • Vernet: (2) Carle Vernet
      • Germany
        • Drawing, §II, 2: Study drawings
        • Freisinger, Caspar
      • Italy
        • Rome, §III, 4(ii): Art life and organization, 1550–1600
        • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §II: Working methods and technique
        • Wash
  • historical and regional traditions
    • Austria
      • Austria, §III, 1(ii)(c): Gothic manuscript illumination and graphic art
      • Austria, §III, 2: Renaissance painting and graphic arts, c 1530–c 1600
      • Austria, §III, 3(ii): Baroque painting and graphic arts, c 1600–c 1800
      • Austria, §III, 4: Painting and graphic arts, after c 1800
      • Troger, Paul, §2: Working methods and technique
    • Bali (Indonesia)
      • Indonesia, §VII: Painting and drawing
      • Indonesia, §VII, 1(ii): Traditional painting and drawing: Bali
      • Indonesia, §VII, 2: Colonial and modern painting and drawing
      • Indonesia, §VII, 2(ii): Colonial and modern painting and drawing: Bali
    • Belgium
      • Genealogical and heraldic manuscripts, §2: Heraldic manuscripts
      • Mellery, Xavier
    • Byzantine
      • Early Christian and Byzantine art, §V, 2(v)(b): Other Greek religious manuscripts: Chrysostomos and Basil
    • Canada
      • Canada, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, 1867–1938
    • Colombia
      • Colombia, §IV, 2(i): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: 1819–1930
      • Colombia, §IV, 2(ii): Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: After 1930