(b Medan, Sumatra, 18 Jan 1886; d Amsterdam, 23 May 1969). Dutch painter and printmaker. He trained at the Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten in The Hague (1904–6). From 1907 until 1914 he stayed in Paris, where he worked at Studio Humbert. Initially he used an impressionistic style, but after contact with Dutch artists in Paris, including Conrad Kikkert (1882–1965), Piet Mondrian and Lodewijk Schelfhout (1881–1943), c. 1914 he became influenced by Cubism. In 1912 he took part in the Sonderbund exhibition in Cologne and in 1915 he exhibited at the Kunstkring in Rotterdam with Henri Le Fauconnier and Mondrian. In 1921 he travelled to the USSR, where he met Vasily Kandinsky, El Lissitzky, Vladimir Tatlin and Kazimir Malevich. In 1923 Alma organized the exhibition of contemporary Russian art at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, which had been shown as the Erste russische Kunstausstellung in the Galerie van Diemen in Berlin in 1922. His first one-man show was held at the Stedelijk Museum in 1924. From 1929 until 1931 he worked at the Institut für Bildstatistik (Pictogram Institute, originally part of the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum) in Vienna. During this period he made a series of eight woodcut Social Portraits (Amsterdam, Stedel. Mus.), showing a priest, dancer, diplomat, jailer, etc. In 1932–3 he introduced the pictogram into the USSR. From the 1930s he received many monumental commissions, especially in Amsterdam. In 1966–7 a retrospective exhibition of his work was organized at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam.