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	(3) Robert Adam (b Kirkcaldy, Fife, 3 July 1728; d London, 3 March 1792). Architect and designer, son of (1) William Adam. He and his rival William Chambers were the leading British architects in the second half of the 18th century. After training under his father, he embarked on a Grand Tour in 1754; this ended early in 1758 when he settled in London rather than Edinburgh. There he established a practice that was transformed into a partnership with his younger brother James after the latter’s return in 1763 from his own Grand Tour. By then, however, the Adam style was formed, and Robert remained the partnership’s driving force and principal designer until his death. He not only developed a distinctive and highly influential style but further refined it through his large number of commissions, earning fame and a certain amount of fortune along the way. Eminently successful, he left an indelible stamp on British architecture and interior decoration and on international Neo-classicism. Part of the Adam (ii) family
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	Adam (ii), Robert Adam (ii) Classicism, §5: 18th century: Neo-classicism England, §VI, 4: Furniture, 1721–80 England, §XI, 1(iii): Tapestry, after 1720 Etruscan style Grand Tour, §III: The `Classic ground’, c 1700–62 Greece, ancient, §V, 10: Pottery: Collecting and collections Linnell, John (i) Mausoleum, §VI, 2: Rome, mid-18th century Scotland, §IV, 2: Sculpture, 1700 and after aquatints Aquatint, §2(ii): Development, c 1760–c 1800 architecture Adam (ii): (3) Robert Adam, §1(iv)(d): Mature work, mid-1760s–mid-1780s: Public buildings England, §II, 4(ii): Architecture, c 1660–c 1830: Palladianism and the classical revival Office of Works Scottish Baronial architectural decorations England, §IV, 3: Sculpture, c 1660–c 1830 Terracotta, §II, 2(ii)(b): History and uses in the Western world: Architecture, c 1700–c 1830 bridges Bath (i), §2(ii): Later history and urban development, c 1730–c 1820 Bridge, §2(ii): c 1500–c 1790 chimney-pieces Chimney-piece Rysbrack: (2) Michael Rysbrack, §3: Late work, from 1745 country houses Country house, §4: 18th century Display of art, §I, 1: Top- and sidelighting Salvin, Anthony Scotland, §II, 3(i): Architecture, c 1680–c 1800: Secular buildings Gosford House (Lothian) Young, William Inveraray Castle (Strathclyde) Castle, §II, 2: c 1660–c 1840 Kedleston Hall (Derbys) Adam (ii): (3) Robert Adam, §1(iii): Early work in London, 1758–mid-1760s Cipriani, Giovanni Battista, §2(i): Decorative painting and scene design Kenwood House (London) Guinness, Edward Luton Hoo (Beds) Stuart: (1) John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute Stowe (Bucks) Borra, Giovanni Battista Grenville: (1) Richard Grenville Strawberry Hill (Middx) Walpole: (2) Horace Walpole gate lodges Gate lodge houses Courtauld: (1) Samuel Courtauld Hope: (1) Thomas Hope Wellesley: (1) Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington mausolea Mausoleum, §VI, 3: Late 18th century Pyramid, §3: Later history orders (architecture) Orders, archit., §I, 2(iii)(c): Renaissance and after: Invention of new orders pavilions Pavilion, §3: Western porticos Portico, §2: Later history prisons Prison public buildings Edinburgh, §1(ii): History and urban development, 1707–c 1850 Glasgow, §1(ii): History and urban development, 1750–1918 sarcophagi Carlini, Agostino tombs Cemetery, §2: 17th–19th centuries town halls Bury St Edmunds, §1: History and urban development universities Playfair: (2) William Henry Playfair urban planning Urban planning, §III, 2(i): c 1450–c 1800: Moderate expansion Urban planning, §III, 2(ii): c 1450–c 1800: Major expansion assistants Bonomi, Joseph Casali, Andrea Ceracchi, Giuseppe Dewez, Laurent Benoît Frame, §IV, 8: Britain: Neo-classical Ireland, §V: Interior decoration Richardson, George Wyatt: (1) Samuel Wyatt bookbindings Bookbinding, §II, 1(iii): Cover decoration, after c 1700 candlesticks Candlestick carpets Carpet, §II, 2(iii): Western world, 1681–1800 collaboration Adam (ii): (2) John Adam Scotland, §V, 2: Interior decoration, 1603–1790 Stucco and plasterwork, §III, 10(i)(c): Western world, 1400–1850: British Isles drawings Display of art, §VII: Plate Split fireplace furnishings England, §IX, 2(iii)(c): Base metalwork, 1601–1800: Copper and copper alloys Fireplace furnishings Iron and steel, §II, 3(i): Applied arts: Iron Scotland, §IX, 2: Base metals fonts (baptismal) Font, §5: Baroque and Neo-classical frames Display of art, §I, 4: Artificial lighting furniture Chippendale: (1) Thomas Chippendale (i) Marquetry, §2: History beds England, §XI, 2: Embroidery cabinets Display of art, §V: Miniatures, medals, coins and gems Display of art, §VI: Ceramics chairs Chair, §3: After c 1450 commodes Commode Ince & Mayhew console tables Console table sideboards Sideboard groups and movements Antiquaries and antiquarian societies, §3: 18th and 19th centuries Georgian style Gothic Revival, §I, 1(ii): Architecture: Early development Neo-classicism, §1: Archaeology and the rise of historicism Neo-classicism, §2: The search for a contemporary style Neo-classicism, §4: Nature and classicism Norman Revival Palladianism, §3: Development interior decoration Acanthus, §2: c 1600 and after Display of art, §VIII: Tapestries and carpets England, §V, 4: Interior decoration, 1721–90 Etruscan, §VIII: Rediscovery Library, §II, 1(i)(d): Later development: Neo-classical Europe Ornament and pattern, §II, 6: Western Neo-classical Scagliola carpets England, §XI, 6: Carpets festoons Festoon glass Cabinet (i), §4(ii): Mirror mirrors Mirror, §VI, 2(ii): Western world, 1600–1800: Form and decoration paintings Adam (ii): (3) Robert Adam, §1(iv)(a): Mature work, mid-1760s–mid-1780s: Country houses Capriccio, §2: The 18th century Etruscan style, §3: Interior design Grotesque, §5: After 1752 Pompeian Revival, §1: Early excavations and beginnings pedestals Pedestal stucco Display of art, §II, 3(i): Paintings, c 1700–c 1870 metalwork England, §IX, 2(iii)(d): Base metalwork, 1601–1800: Iron and steel patrons and collectors Child, Robert Bank, §1: Patronage Clerk, John, 1st Baron Eldin (1757-1832) Clerk: (5) John Clerk, 1st Baron Eldin Curzon, Nathaniel, 1st Baron Scarsdale Curzon, Nathaniel Dundas, Lawrence Dundas, Lawrence Garrick, David Garrick, David Kennedy, David, 10th Earl of Cassillis Scotland, §XII, 3: Patronage, c 1660–1800 Petty, William (Fitzmaurice), 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne Petty: (1) William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Lansdowne Smithson (Percy), Hugh, 1st Duke and 2nd Earl of Northumberland England, §XII, 4: Patronage, c 1700–c 1800 Percy: (3) Hugh Smithson, 1st Duke of Northumberland Soane, John Soane, John, §4: Sir John Soane’s Museum Weddell, William England, §XIII, 2(i): Trends in collecting, 1700–1840 Weddell, William Wernher, Julius Wernher, Julius Williams-Wynn, Watkin, 4th Baronet, of Wynnstay (1749-89) Roberts: (1) Thomas Roberts Wales, §VIII: Patronage, collecting and dealing Williams-Wynn, Sir Watkin, 4th Baronet of Wynnstay pattern books Pattern book, §I, 2(i): Western: Decorative arts, after c 1440 silver Boulton, Matthew England, §IX, 1(iv)(b): Gold and silver, 1730–80: Form and decoration sponsors Albani: (2) Alessandro Albani teachers Clérisseau, Charles-Louis Lallemand, Jean-Baptiste writings Architectural proportion, §II, 5: 17th and 18th centuries: Revival and decline illustrated Bartolozzi: (1) Francesco Bartolozzi Vivares, François Zucchi

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