Although ‘acrylic’ has become a generic term for any synthetic paint medium, acrylics are a specific type of manmade polymer that has become standard in the commercial paint industry as well as widely used by artists from the mid-20th century; most synthetic paint media in contemporary artistic use are based on acrylic emulsions. Acrylics are thermoplastic, have great optical clarity and excellent light stability, good adhesion and elasticity and resist ultraviolet and chemical degradation. Their unique surface properties, transparency and brilliance of colour, together with the possibilities they offer for indeterminacy, immediacy, randomness and the ability to rework immediately and to achieve extremely thin or thick surfaces, are qualities that have been exploited fully by such painting movements as Abstract Expressionism in the 1950s, and, subsequently, colour field painting, hard-edge painting and Pop art.

• painting... (cont.)
  • types... (cont.)
    • landscape... (cont.)
      • United States of America: 19th cent.... (cont.)
        • Twachtman, John H.
      • see also PANORAMAS; PLEIN-AIR; vedute
    • literary themes
      • Belgium
        • Dyck, Anthony van, §I, 3: Antwerp and The Hague, autumn 1627–spring 1632
      • Denmark
        • Abildgaard, Nicolai Abraham, §2: Painting and sculpture designs, 1790–1809
      • England: Neo-classicism
        • Barry, James, §2(i): History painting
      • England: Pre-Raphaelitism
        • Hughes, Arthur
        • Pre-Raphaelitism, §1: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
        • Rossetti: (1) Dante Gabriel Rossetti, §1(i): Early years and Pre-Raphaelite period, to the 1860s
      • England: 18th cent.
        • Gilpin: (2) Sawrey Gilpin
        • Highmore, Joseph
        • Jones, Thomas
        • Vandergucht: (4) Benjamin Vandergucht
      • England: 19th cent.
        • Leighton, Frederic
        • Leslie, C. R.
        • Liverpool, §2: Art life and organization
        • Stothard: (1) Thomas Stothard
      • France
        • Roqueplan, Camille
        • Vignon, Claude
      • France: Romanticism
        • Delacroix, Eugène, §I, 2: Public recognition, 1822–31
      • Italy: Baroque
        • Castiglione: (1) Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Apollonio di Giovanni
      • Italy: Romanticism
        • Hayez, Francesco, §1: Training and early work: Venice, Rome, Naples and Padua, to 1822
      • Italy: 15th cent.
        • Scheggia
      • Italy: 17th cent.
        • Mola (iii): (2) Pier Francesco Mola, §2: Public commissions and mature works in Rome, 1647–57
      • Netherlands, the
        • Bramer, Leonard
      • Poland
        • Michalowski, Piotr
    • literati
      • China
        • China, §V, 3(ii)(a): Chan Buddhist paintings
        • China, §V, 3(iv)(b): Landscape painting: Theoretical writings
        • China, §XV, 1: Art training: Traditional
      • China: Song period (AD 960-1279)
        • China, §V, 3(vi)(c): Painting: Bamboo, plum and ink-flowers
        • China, §V, 3(viii)(b): Historical development of portrait painting
        • Su Shi
      • Japan see JAPAN -> painting -> Nanga
    • marine
      • Marine painting
      • Belgium
        • Eertvelt, Andries van
        • Peeters, Bonaventura, I
      • Denmark
        • Eckersberg, C. W., §3: Return to Copenhagen and later career, 1816 and after
      • Egypt, ancient
        • Marine painting, §1: Early history
      • England
        • Marine painting, §2(ii): Subsequent development: Britain
      • England: 18th cent.
        • Hodges, William
      • England: 19th cent.
        • Brett, John
        • Stanfield, Clarkson
        • Turner, J. M. W., §I, 2: Training and early career
        • Turner, J. M. W., §I, 6: Continental tours and work at Petworth House
      • France
        • Marine painting, §2(v): Subsequent development: France
      • France: 18th cent.
        • Pillement, Jean
        • Vernet: (1) Joseph Vernet, §1(ii): Later career, 1753–89
        • Volaire, Pierre-Jacques
      • France: 19th cent.
        • Boudin, Eugène
      • Germany
        • Feininger: (1) Lyonel Feininger
      • Italy
        • Claude Lorrain, §I, 1(iii): Training and early work, to c 1640: Studies of nature and light
        • Dahl, J. C., §1: Early career and travels, 1803–24
      • Netherlands, the
        • Marine painting, §2: Subsequent development
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Bakhuizen, Ludolf
        • Cappelle, Jan van de, §2(i): Paintings: Marine subjects
        • Marine painting, §2(i): Subsequent development: The Netherlands
        • Nooms, Reinier
        • Porcellis, Jan
        • Velde, van de (ii), §II: (2) Willem van de Velde II
        • Vroom
        • Vroom: (1) Hendrick Vroom
        • Willaerts: (1) Adam Willaerts
      • Norway
        • Balke, Peder
      • United States of America
        • Marine painting, §2(iii): Subsequent development: USA
      • United States of America: 19th cent.
        • Lane, Fitz Hugh
        • Richards, William Trost
        • Ryder, Albert Pinkham
    • monochrome
      • Monochrome
      • China
        • China, §V, 3(vi)(a): Painting: Bamboo, plum and ink-flowers
      • see also GRISAILLE PAINTINGS
    • mythological
      • Mythological painting and sculpture
      • Mythological painting and sculpture, §3: The Renaissance, c 1400–c 1595
      • Mythological painting and sculpture, §5: Late Baroque and Neo-classicism, c 1700–c 1800
      • Mythological painting and sculpture, §6: Romanticism, Symbolism and modern art, c 1800 and after
      • Austria
        • Spillenberger, Johann, II
      • Belgium: Baroque
        • Rubens, Peter Paul, §I, 3(ii): Antwerp, 1608–19: Stylistic development
      • Belgium: Neo-classicism
        • Reysschoot, van: (3) Petrus Norbertus van Reysschoot
      • Belgium: 17th cent.
        • Quellinus: (2) Erasmus Quellinus (ii), §2: Later work, after c 1640
        • Thulden, Theodoor van, §1(iii): Mature work in ’s Hertogenbosch, 1644–69
        • Wouters, Frans
      • Denmark: 18th cent.
        • Abildgaard, Nicolai Abraham, §1: Early life and painting, to 1790
      • England: Aesthetic Movement
        • Frame, §IV, 10: Britain: Pre-Raphaelite and Aesthetic Movement
      • England: Baroque
        • Lely, Peter, §1(i): Training in Holland and early years in England, before c 1656
      • England: Pre-Raphaelitism
        • Solomon: (3) Simeon Solomon
      • England: 18th cent.
        • Gainsborough, Thomas, §1(v): London, 1774–88
      • England: 19th cent.
        • Crane, Walter
        • Moore: (1) Albert Joseph Moore
      • France: Baroque
        • Boullogne: (2) Bon Boullogne
        • Boullogne: (3) Louis de Boullogne
        • Jouvenet, Jean, §2: After 1694
        • Vouet, Simon, §2: Paris, late 1627–49
      • France: Mannerism
        • Abate, Nicolò dell’, §1: Italy, before 1552
        • Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Master of Flora
      • France: Neo-classicism
        • Girodet, Anne-Louis, §1(i): Before c 1795: Paris and Rome
        • Guérin, Pierre, §2: Later years: painting and teaching, 1806–33
        • Picot, François-Edouard
      • France: Rococo
        • Bertin, Nicolas
        • Boucher, François, §I, 2(iv): Life and work, 1734–64
        • Fragonard: (1) Jean-Honoré Fragonard, §1(ii): Paris and official success, 1761–5
        • Natoire, Charles-Joseph, §2: Paris, 1730–51
        • Nude, §3: Baroque, Rococo and Neo-classicism, 1600–1800
      • France: 17th cent.
        • La Fosse, Charles de, §2: Major official commissions and decorations at Montagu House, London
        • Mignard: (2) Pierre Mignard I, §3: The works of old age, after c 1680
        • Poussin, Nicolas, §I, 2: Poesie, 1627–31
        • Poussin, Nicolas, §I, 3: Early maturity, 1631–40
      • France: 18th cent.
        • Hallé: (3) Noël Hallé
        • Paris, §III, 3: Art life and organization, 1715–88
        • Regnault, Jean-Baptiste
      • France: 19th cent.
        • Aligny, Théodore Caruelle d’
        • Bouguereau, William
        • Cabanel, Alexandre
      • Germany: Baroque
        • Rottenhammer, Hans, I, §1: Work in Italy, to 1606
        • Schönfeld, Johann Heinrich, §1: Early career and travels, before 1651
      • Germany: Mannerism
        • Heintz: (2) Joseph Heintz (i), §1: Life and painted work
      • Germany: Neo-classicism
        • Reinhart, Johann Christian
      • Germany: 19th cent.
        • Böcklin, Arnold, §1: Early landscapes and first mythological works, to 1859
        • Corinth, Lovis
      • Italy: Baroque
        • Albani, Francesco, §1(ii): Rome, 1601–17
        • Albani, Francesco, §1(iii): Bologna, after 1617
        • Bijlivert: (2) Giovanni Bilivert
        • Camassei, Andrea
        • Cecco Bravo
        • Conca, Sebastiano, §2: Years of success in Rome, 1730–c 1752
        • Crespi (ii): (1) Giuseppe Maria Crespi, §1(i): Training and first independent works, 1665–1700
        • Crespi (ii): (1) Giuseppe Maria Crespi, §1(v): Later career, 1722–47
        • Franceschini, Marcantonio, §1(ii): First independent works, c 1680–90
        • Furini, Francesco
        • Giordano, Luca, §1(ii): The mature years, 1665–92
        • Italy, §III, 5(iii): Baroque and Rococo painting, c 1600–c 1750: Naples
        • Manfredi, Bartolomeo
        • Maratti, Carlo, §2(i)(b): Subject compositions: Mature years, 1662–c 1680
        • Martinelli, Giovanni
        • Reni, Guido, §II: Artistic formation and development
        • Reni, Guido, §IV: Character and personality
        • Saraceni, Carlo, §2: Mature and late works, c 1610–20
        • Tiepolo: (1) Giambattista Tiepolo, §I, 2(i): Activity in Milan, Venice and the Veneto, 1732–50
        • Tiepolo: (1) Giambattista Tiepolo, §I, 4: The later years: Venice, 1753–62
      • Italy: Mannerism
        • Bordone, Paris, §2: 1538–c 1550
        • Correggio, §1(ii)(c): Mythological paintings, 1520 and after
        • Italy, §III, 4(iii): High Renaissance and Mannerist painting, c 1500–c 1600: Venice
        • Nude, §2: Middle Ages and Renaissance, to 1600
        • Oil painting, §2(ii): 16th–17th centuries
        • Parmigianino, §1(iv): Parma and Casalmaggiore, 1530–40
        • Sustris: (1) Lambert Sustris
        • Titian, §I, 2(i)(b): Early success, 1516–mid-1540s: Religious and mythological pictures
        • Titian, §I, 3(i)(b): `Late style’, mid-1540s and after: Religious and mythological pictures
        • Vasari: (1) Giorgio Vasari, §I, 3(iii): Years of maturity, 1553–74
      • Italy: Neo-Classicism
        • Kauffman, Angelica, §3: Italy, 1781–1807
        • Müller, Friedrich
      • Italy: Renaissance
        • Botticelli, Sandro, §II, 1(iii): Mars and Venus
        • Cima da Conegliano, §1: Life and work
        • Dossi: (1) Dosso Dossi, §2: Middle years, c 1522–34
        • Italy, §III, 3(i)(d): Early Renaissance painting, c 1400–c 1500: Subject-matter & patronage
        • Lorenzo di Credi, §2: c 1480–1500
        • Perugino, §I, 3: Life and work, 1482–c 1495
        • Piero di Cosimo, §1: Life and work
        • Signorelli, Luca, §1(ii)(a): Paintings, 1450–88
        • Tura, Cosimo, §1(i): Life and work, to 1459
      • Italy: Rococo
        • Pittoni, Giambattista, §2: Working methods and technique
      • Italy: 16th cent.
        • Erotic art, §I, 2(ii): Western world, c 1500–c 1700
        • Girolamo da Treviso (ii)
      • Italy: 17th cent.
        • Cozza, Francesco
        • Giovanni da San Giovanni
        • Maffei, Francesco
        • Padovanino
        • Rosselli, Matteo
        • Testa, Pietro, §1: Early career: Lucca and Rome, to 1637
      • Italy: 18th cent.
        • Balestra, Antonio
        • Ferretti, Giovanni Domenico
        • Galliari: (1) Bernardino Galliari
        • Gandolfi: (1) Ubaldo Gandolfi
        • Matteis, Paolo de, §2: International success: Paris, Rome and Naples, 1702–28
        • Subleyras, Pierre, §2: Maturity in Rome, late 1728 to mid-1746
      • Netherlands, the: Baroque
        • Rembrandt van Rijn, §I, 3(i)(b): Amsterdam, late 1631–c 1640: History paintings
      • Netherlands, the: Mannerism
        • Bloemaert: (1) Abraham Bloemaert, §1: Life and painted work
      • Netherlands, the: Renaissance
        • Gossart, Jan, §1(iv): Affirmation of Italian Renaissance ideals, 1516–32
      • Netherlands, the: 16th cent.
        • Cornelisz. van Haarlem, Cornelis, §2: Paintings
      • Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
        • Bray, de: (2) Jan de Bray, §2: History subjects
        • Goltzius, Hendrick, §3: Cultural context and subject-matter
        • Saftleven: (1) Cornelis Saftleven, §1: Paintings
        • Uyttenbroeck, Moses van
        • Vermeer, Johannes, §I, 1: Early period, c 1655–7
      • Portugal
        • Salgado, José Veloso
        • Vieira Portuense, Francisco
      • Rome, ancient
        • Rome, ancient, §I, 5(iv): Subject-matter: Narrative art
      • Spain
        • Velázquez, Diego, §I, 5: Final years in Madrid, 1651–60
      • Sweden
        • Josephson, Ernst
      • Switzerland
        • Julien, Jean-Antoine
      • United States of America
        • Hesselius: (1) Gustavus Hesselius
        • Vedder, Elihu
    • plum blossom
      • China
        • China, §V, 3(vi)(c): Painting: Bamboo, plum and ink-flowers
        • Wang Mian
        • Yang Buzhi
      • see also flower
    • Poonah see POONAH PAINTING
    • portraits see under PORTRAITS -> media
    • quadratura
      • Canuti, Domenico Maria