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Acrylic painting.

Although ‘acrylic’ has become a generic term for any synthetic paint medium, acrylics are a specific type of manmade polymer that has become standard in the commercial paint industry as well as widely used by artists from the mid-20th century; most synthetic paint media in contemporary artistic use are based on acrylic emulsions. Acrylics are thermoplastic, have great optical clarity and excellent light stability, good adhesion and elasticity and resist ultraviolet and chemical degradation. Their unique surface properties, transparency and brilliance of colour, together with the possibilities they offer for indeterminacy, immediacy, randomness and the ability to rework immediately and to achieve extremely thin or thick surfaces, are qualities that have been exploited fully by such painting movements as Abstract Expressionism in the 1950s, and, subsequently, colour field painting, hard-edge painting and Pop art.

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painting... (cont.)
- types... (cont.)
  - landscape... (cont.)
    - Denmark
      - Landscape painting, §II, 7(ii): 19th century: Plein-air painting
      - Skovgaard
    - Egypt, ancient
      - Egypt, ancient, §VI, 17: Subject-matter: Landscape
    - England
      - Landscape painting, §II, 7(i): 19th century: Romantic era
    - England: Impressionism
      - Conder, Charles
    - England: Orientalism
      - Orientalism, §2(iv): Bedouins and soldiers
    - England: 17th cent.
      - Rousseau, Jacques
    - England: 18th cent.
      - Barret, George
      - Cozens: (2) John Robert Cozens, §2: Working methods and technique
      - Gainsborough, Thomas, §1(iv): Bath, c 1759–73
      - Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques de
      - Sandby: (2) Paul Sandby
      - Sublime, the
      - Towne, Francis
      - Wilson, Richard (i), §1: London and Italy, to c 1757
      - Wright of Derby, Joseph, §2: Voyage to Italy and later career
      - Zuccarelli, Francesco, §3: Venice, second trip to England and retirement, 1762–88
    - England: 19th cent.
      - Constable, John, §1(i): Early years, 1776–1806
      - Constable, John, §1(iii): 1817–22
      - Constable, John, §1(v): Last years, 1828–37
      - Crome, John
      - De Wint, Peter
      - Forbes: (1) Stanhope Forbes
      - Lear, Edward
      - Linnell, John (ii)
      - Norwich, §2: Art life and organization
      - Repton, Humphry, §1: Life and work
      - Style, §1(iv): Usages and problems: Tetrad etc
      - Turner, J. M. W., §I, 3: Printmaking, lecturing and poetry
      - Turner, J. M. W., §I, 8: Coupled pictures, modern subjects and last works
      - Ward, James
    - Etruscan
      - Landscape painting, §II, 1: Classical world, until c 2nd century AD
    - Finland
      - Järnefelt, Eero
    - France
      - Landscape painting, §II, 4(iii): 16th century: Italy
    - France: Art informel
      - Fautrier, Jean
    - France: Baroque
      - Parrocel: (1) Joseph Parrocel
    - France: Fauvism
      - Fauvism, §2: Historical influences and development from c 1900
      - Vlaminck, Maurice de
    - France: Gothic
      - Calendar, §2: Manuscript illustrations
    - France: Impressionism
      - Gauguin, Paul, §1(ii): 1883–7
      - Impressionism
      - Morisot, Berthe
      - Sisley, Alfred, §2: Work
    - France: Pointillism
      - Landscape painting, §II, 7(iii): Late 19th century
    - France: Post-Impressionism
      - Cézanne, Paul, §I, 1(ii): Oil paintings: Impressionist period, 1872–82
    - France: 15th cent.
      - Marmion, Simon, §3: Style
    - France: 17th cent.
      - Millet, Francisque
      - Patel: (1) Pierre Patel (i)
      - Poussin, Nicolas, §I, 5: Later work in Rome, 1642–65
    - France: 18th cent.
      - Lallemand, Jean-Baptiste
      - Valenciennes, Pierre-Henri
    - France: 19th cent.
      - Barbizon school
      - Corot, Camille, §1: Life and work
      - Daubigny: (1) Charles-François Daubigny
      - Diaz, Narcisse
      - Français, François-Louis
      - France, §III, 5(ii): Painting & prints, c 1814–c 1914: Romanticism, classicism & plein-air studies
      - Harpignies, Henri-Joseph
      - Huet, Paul
      - Michel, Georges
      - Rousseau, Théodore, §1: Life and work
      - Rousseau, Théodore, §2: Working methods and technique
      - Troyon, Constant
      - Turpin de Crissé, Lancelot-Théodore
    - France: 20th cent
      - Manguin, Henri
    - Germany
      - Altdorfer: (1) Albrecht Altdorfer
      - Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig
    - Germany: Baroque
      - Schönfeld, Johann Heinrich, §2: Work in Augsburg, 1651 and after
    - Germany: Expressionism
      - Beckmann, Max, §1(i): Early work, before 1914
      - Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig, §I, 3: Later career, c 1917–38
    - Germany: Renaissance
      - Altdorfer: (1) Albrecht Altdorfer, §2(ii)(a): c 1510 and after: Landscapes
    - Germany: Romanticism
      - Blechen, Karl, §1: Early life and work
      - Friedrich, Caspar David, §2: Working methods and technique
      - Richter, Ludwig
    - Germany: 18th cent.
      - Kobell (i): (1) Ferdinand Kobell
      - Kobell (i): (2) Wilhelm von Kobell
    - Germany: 19th cent.
      - Böcklin, Arnold, §3: Idealist and Symbolist works, 1875–84
      - Dillis: (1) Johann Georg von Dillis
      - Koch: (1) Joseph Anton Koch
      - Rottmann, Carl
    - Germany: 20th cent.
      - Kiefer, Anselm
      - Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl
      - Secession, §2: Berlin
    - Greece, ancient
      - Demetrios of Alexandria
    - Iceland
      - thorláksson, thórarinn B.
    - Ireland
      - Ireland, §III, 2: Painting and graphic arts, 1600–1799
    - Islamic
      - Islamic art, §I, 8(viii): Subject-matter: The natural world
    - Italy
      - Landscape painting, §II, 3: 15th century
      - Landscape painting, §II, 5(i): 17th century: Artists working in Italy
      - Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Girona Master
      - Mythological painting and sculpture, §4: The Baroque period, c 1595–c 1700
    - Italy: Baroque
      - Domenichino, §1(iv): Rome, 1621–31
      - Scorza, Sinibaldo
    - Italy: 16th cent.
      - Abate, Nicolò dell’, §2: France, from 1552
    - Italy: 17th cent.
      - Both: (2) Jan Both, §1(i): Before 1641: early training and work in Rome
      - Claude Lorrain, §I, 1(ii): Training and early work, to c 1640: Artistic sources and beginnings
      - Claude Lorrain, §I, 2(i): Middle period, c 1640–c 1660: The turn to classicism
      - Claude Lorrain, §I, 2(iii): Middle period, c 1640–c 1660: Individual paintings of the 1640s and 1650s
      - Claude Lorrain, §I, 3: Late work, c 1660–82
      - Dughet, Gaspard, §1(i): Training and early works, to c 1635
      - Dughet, Gaspard, §1(iii): Late period, c 1660 and after
      - Elsheimer, Adam, §1(ii)(b): Rome, 1600 and after: Middle period
      - Elsheimer, Adam, §1(ii)(c): Rome, 1600 and after: Ovidian and other late works
      - Poelenburch, Cornelis van, §1(ii): Early works: Italy, 1617–26
      - Rosa, Salvator, §1(iii): Rome, 1649–62
      - Swanevelt, Herman van
    - Italy: 18th cent.
      - Bloemen, van: (2) Jan Frans van Bloemen
      - Locatelli, Andrea
      - Ricci (i): (2) Marco Ricci
    - Italy: 19th cent.
      - Collins: (1) William Collins
      - De Nittis, Giuseppe, §1: Before 1873
      - Fontanesi, Antonio, §3: Late work, 1866–82
    - Italy: 20th cent.
      - Soffici, Ardengo
    - Japan
      - Chodensu Mincho
    - Japan: Edo period (1600-1868)
      - Ike: (1) Ike Taiga
    - Japan: Meiji period (1868-1912)
      - Yamamoto Baiitsu
    - Japan: Nanga
      - Tani Buncho
    - Japan: Shinto
      - Japan, §VI, 3(ii)(c): Early Shinto painting: Kumano mandalas
    - Korea
      - Korea, §IV, 2(ii)(a): Landscape painting: Three Kingdoms to Unified Silla, 57 BC–AD 918
    - Korea: 7th cent.
      - Korea, §IV, 2(ii): Landscape painting
    - Korea: 16th cent.
      - Yang P’aeng-son
      - Yi (ii): (1) Yi Kyong-yun
    - Korea: 17th cent.
      - Wang Hui
    - Korea: 18th cent.
      - Chong Son
      - Korea, §IV, 2(ii)(c): Landscape painting: Choson, 1392–1910
    - Mexico: 19th cent.
      - Velasco, José María
    - Netherlands, the
      - Landscape painting, §II, 5: 17th century
      - Landscape painting, §II, 5(ii): 17th century: Northern Netherlands
      - Vlieger, Simon de
    - Netherlands, the: Baroque
      - Rembrandt van Rijn, §I, 3(i)(c): Amsterdam, late 1631–c 1640: Landscape paintings
    - Netherlands, the: Mannerism
      - Valckenborch, van: (3) Frederik van Valckenborch
    - Netherlands, the: Post-Impressionism
      - Gogh, Vincent van, §1(iii): Arles, 1888–9
    - Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
      - Asselijn, Jan
      - Avercamp: (1) Hendrick Avercamp, §1(i): Paintings
      - Berchem, Nicolaes, §2(i): Paintings
      - Borch, ter: (1) Gerard ter Borch (i)
      - Both: (2) Jan Both, §1(ii): 1641 and after: the Netherlands
      - Cappelle, Jan van de, §2(ii): Paintings: Winter scenes
      - Cuyp: (3) Aelbert Cuyp, §1(i): Early work, 1639–c 1645
      - Cuyp: (3) Aelbert Cuyp, §1(ii): Mature work, c 1645–mid-1650s
      - Cuyp: (3) Aelbert Cuyp, §1(iii): Last works, late 1650s and after
      - Dutch Italianates
      - Everdingen, van: (2) Allart van Everdingen
      - Glauber, Johannes
      - Goyen, Jan van, §2(i): Paintings
      - Hackaert, Jan
      - Hobbema, Meindert, §1(ii): Middle period, 1663–8
      - Hobbema, Meindert, §1(iii): Late works, 1668–1709
      - Mancadan, Jacobus Sibrandi
      - Molyn, Pieter, §1: Paintings
      - Poelenburch, Cornelis van, §1(iii): Later works: Utrecht, 1627–67
      - Potter (i): (2) Paulus Potter
      - Pynacker, Adam, §1: Schiedam, before 1656
      - Pynacker, Adam, §3: Amsterdam, 1661–73
      - Roghman: (2) Roelant Roghman
      - Ruisdael, Jacob van, §1(i): Early works: Haarlem, c 1646–c 1650
      - Ruisdael, Jacob van, §1(ii): The Wanderjahre, c 1650–c 1656
      - Ruisdael, Jacob van, §1(iii): Amsterdam, c 1656–c 1669
      - Ruysdael, Salomon van, §1(ii): Tonal phase, c 1632–1640
      - Ruysdael, Salomon van, §1(iii): Later career, after 1640
      - Segers, Hercules, §2(i): Early paintings, before c 1625
      - Segers, Hercules, §2(ii): Later paintings, c 1625–31
      - Velde, van de (i): (1) Esaias van de Velde, §1(i): Landscape paintings
      - Velde, Adriaen van de, §1: Paintings
      - Waterlo, Antoni
      - Wijnants, Jan
    - Netherlands, the: 18th cent.
      - Moucheron, de: (2) Isaac de Moucheron
    - Netherlands, the: 19th cent.
      - Maris: (1) Jacob Maris
      - Maris: (3) Willem Maris
      - Roelofs, Willem
    - New Zealand
      - Christchurch
    - Norway
      - Dahl, J. C., §2: Dresden and later career, from 1824
      - Skredsvig, Christian
    - Poland
      - Stanislawski, Jan
      - Warsaw, §III, 2: Art life and organization, 1795 and after
    - Rome, ancient
      - Rome, ancient, §I, 5(v): Subject-matter: Still-life and the natural world
      - Rome, ancient, §V, 1(i)(c): Painting: Scenes of daily life
      - Rome, ancient, §V, 2(i)(a): Painting in Italy: Pompeian
    - Russia
      - Polenov: (1) Vasily Polenov
    - Spain: Baroque
      - Velázquez, Diego, §I, 4: Second visit to Italy, 1649–51
    - Spain: Romanticism
      - Pérez Villaamil, Jenaro
    - Spain: 17th cent.
      - Collantes, Francisco
    - Spain: 19th cent.
      - Spain, §III, 4(iii): Ptg & graphic arts, c 1750–c 1900: Landscape ptg & increasing foreign influence
    - Sweden
      - Urban the Painter
    - Sweden: National Romanticism
      - National Romanticism
      - Nordström, Karl
    - Switzerland
      - Witz, Konrad, §2: Documented and accepted work
      - Wolf, Caspar
    - Taiwan
      - Taiwan, §2(i): Chinese, Japanese and Western artistic influences
    - United States of America
      - Landscape painting, §II, 8: 20th century
    - United States of America: Luminism
      - Heade, Martin Johnson
    - United States of America: 19th cent.
      - Allston, Washington
      - Audubon, John James
      - Bierstadt, Albert
      - Church, Frederic Edwin
      - Cole, Thomas, §2: Later career, 1829–48
      - Cropsey, Jasper F.
      - Durand, Asher B.
      - Gifford, Sanford Robinson
      - Inness, George
      - Moran, Thomas
      - Shaw, Joshua

Reproduced by kind permission of Macmillan Publishers Limited, publishers of The Grove Dictionary of Art.
� Copyright 2000 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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