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Acrylic painting.

Although ‘acrylic’ has become a generic term for any synthetic paint medium, acrylics are a specific type of manmade polymer that has become standard in the commercial paint industry as well as widely used by artists from the mid-20th century; most synthetic paint media in contemporary artistic use are based on acrylic emulsions. Acrylics are thermoplastic, have great optical clarity and excellent light stability, good adhesion and elasticity and resist ultraviolet and chemical degradation. Their unique surface properties, transparency and brilliance of colour, together with the possibilities they offer for indeterminacy, immediacy, randomness and the ability to rework immediately and to achieve extremely thin or thick surfaces, are qualities that have been exploited fully by such painting movements as Abstract Expressionism in the 1950s, and, subsequently, colour field painting, hard-edge painting and Pop art.

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painting... (cont.)
- types... (cont.)
  - history... (cont.)
    - Australia
      - Australia, §III, 2(i): Painting and graphic arts, after c 1900
      - Duterrau, Benjamin
    - Austria
      - Maulbertsch, Franz Anton, §1(ii): Life and work, after 1765
      - Romako, Anton
      - Vienna, §III, 2: Art life and organization, c 1500–c 1800
    - Belgium
      - Douffet, Gérard
      - Lens, A. C.
      - Wiertz, Antoine
    - China
      - Xu Beihong
    - England
      - History painting, §I, 4: 1700–c 1760s
    - England: Neo-classicism
      - Enlightenment, the
    - England: Troubadour style
      - Bonington, Richard Parkes
    - England: 18th cent.
      - Northcote, James
      - Opie, John
    - England: 19th cent.
      - International exhibition
    - France
      - Angiviller, Comte d’
      - Beaufort, Jacques-Antoine
      - France, §III, 4(ii): Painting & graphic arts, c 1715–c 1814: Resurgence of history painting
      - History painting, §I, 3: 17th century
      - Prix de Rome
      - Troubadour style
    - France: Baroque
      - Parrocel: (3) Charles Parrocel
    - France: Neo-classicism
      - David, Jacques-Louis, §I, 1: Training and early career, to 1789
      - David, Jacques-Louis, §I, 3: Work during the Directory and the Empire, 1795–1814
      - France, §III, 4(iii): Painting & graphic arts, c 1715–c 1814: Art of the Revolution & its aftermath
      - Gagneraux, Bénigne
      - Girodet, Anne-Louis, §1(ii): From c 1795: Paris
      - Guérin, Pierre, §1: Early years and Salon success, 1774–1805
      - Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, §I, 3: Italy, 1811–15
      - Lethière, Guillaume
      - Neo-classicism, §2: The search for a contemporary style
      - Paris, §VI, 3(ii): Académie des Beaux-Arts: Teaching of painting and sculpture
      - Perception, §II, 2(iii): Deliberate distortions within the picture
      - Peyron, Pierre
    - France: Orientalism
      - Regnault: (2) Henri Regnault
    - France: Realism
      - History painting, §II, 3: Later 19th century
    - France: Romanticism
      - Delacroix, Eugène, §I, 4: Literary and historical subjects and murals, 1833–c 1850
      - Gericault, Théodore, §I, 3: The Raft of the Medusa and stay in England, 1817–21
      - Gros, Antoine-Jean, §2: First Empire and Restoration commissions, 1801–20
      - Romanticism, §3(i): Manifestations in art: General
    - France: Troubadour style
      - Révoil, Pierre
    - France: 15th cent.
      - Fouquet, Jean, §1(i): Paintings and drawings
    - France: 16th cent.
      - Dress, §V, 2(iii): Northern Europe, 1501–1600
    - France: 17th cent.
      - Bourdon, Sébastien, §2: Paris, Stockholm and Montpellier, from 1637
      - Déruet, Claude, §2: Nancy, after 1619
      - La Hyre, Laurent de
      - Le Sueur, Eustache
      - Stella, Jacques
    - France: 18th cent.
      - Brenet, Nicolas-Guy
      - Doyen, Gabriel-François
      - Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, §1(iv): The crisis of 1767–9
      - Lagrenée: (1) Louis Lagrenée
      - Monsiau, Nicolas-André
      - Rivalz: (2) Antoine Rivalz
      - Suvée, Joseph-Benoît
      - Vleughels, Nicolas
    - France: 19th cent.
      - Baudry, Paul
      - Couture, Thomas
      - Delaroche: (2) Paul Delaroche
      - Heim, François-Joseph
      - Ingres, Jean-Auguste-Dominique, §I, 5: Florence, 1820–24
      - Isabey: (2) Eugène Isabey
      - Laurens, Jean-Paul
      - Model, artist’s, §6: 19th century
      - Pils, Isidore-Alexandre-Augustin
      - Scheffer, Ary
      - Vernet: (3) Horace Vernet
    - France: 20th cent
      - Denis, Maurice
      - Paris, §III, 6: Art life and organization, 1870–1914
    - Germany
      - Germany, §XII, 3: Patronage, c 1800–1945
    - Germany: Mannerism
      - Sustris: (2) Friedrich Sustris
    - Germany: Realism (style)
      - Menzel, Adolph, §1: Life and work
    - Germany: 16th cent.
      - Wertinger, Hans
    - Germany: 17th cent.
      - Augsburg, §2: Art life and organization
    - Germany: 19th cent.
      - Feuerbach, Anselm
      - Pforr, Franz, §2: The Lukasbrüder and Rome, 1806–12
    - Hungary
      - Benczúr, Gyula
      - Hungary, §XI, 1: Patronage, before c 1800
      - Madarász, Viktor
      - Székely, Bertalan
    - Ireland
      - Maclise, Daniel
    - Italy
      - History painting, §I, 1: Before c 1760: Origins
    - Italy: Baroque
      - Cagnacci, Guido
      - Cortona, Pietro da, §I, 1(i): Paintings: Training and early works in Cortona and Rome, before c 1630
      - Ferrari, Luca
      - Fontebasso, Francesco
      - Magnasco: (2) Alessandro Magnasco
    - Italy: Futurism
      - Carrà, Carlo
    - Italy: Jesuit Order
      - Jesuit Order, §3(ii): Patronage: Decoration
    - Italy: Mannerism
      - Bordone, Paris, §1: Before 1538
    - Italy: Neo-Classicism
      - Gandolfi: (2) Gaetano Gandolfi
      - Mengs: (2) Anton Raphael Mengs, §1(ii): Rome and Naples, 1756–61
    - Italy: Realism (style)
      - Celentano, Bernardo
    - Italy: Renaissance
      - Domenico di Michelino
      - Falconetto, Giovanni Maria, §1: Verona, before 1517
    - Italy: Romanticism
      - Bezzuoli, Giuseppe
      - Hayez, Francesco, §2: Mature work: Milan, 1823–48
    - Italy: 15th cent.
      - Mantua, §1(i): History and urban development, before 1328
    - Italy: 17th cent.
      - Spadaro, Micco
      - Tanzio da Varallo, §2: After 1625
      - Turchi, Alessandro
    - Italy: 18th cent.
      - Carlevaris, Luca
      - Creti, Donato, §1: Training and early works, 1685–1710
      - Panini, Giovanni Paolo, §2: Work as an easel painter
      - Trevisani, Francesco, §2: Rome, 1700–20
    - Italy: 19th cent.
      - Bertini, Giuseppe
      - Camuccini: (2) Vincenzo Camuccini
    - Mexico
      - Mexico, §IV, 2(ii): Painting, graphic arts & sculp.: Realism & political art, c 1870–c 1895
    - Netherlands, the: Baroque
      - Bol, Ferdinand, §2(i): History subjects
      - Netherlands, the, §III, 4(iv): Painting and graphic arts, c 1550–c 1680: Amsterdam
    - Netherlands, the: 17th cent.
      - Lairesse, Gérard de, §1: Life and artistic career
      - Lastman, Pieter, §1: Life and painted work
    - Poland
      - Matejko, Jan
    - Rome, ancient
      - Rome, ancient, §IV, 2(vii): Sculpture: Antonines
    - Russia: 19th cent.
      - Bruni, Fyodor
      - Bryullov: (2) Karl Bryullov
      - Ivanov, Sergey
      - Vasnetsov: (1) Viktor Vasnetsov
    - Russia: 20th cent.
      - Russia, §XII, 3: Art of the autonomous regions: The middle Volga region and the Urals
    - Scotland
      - Wilkie, David, §1(iii): Travels and later life, 1825–41
    - Spain: Baroque
      - Leonardo, Jusepe
      - Rizi: (2) Francisco Rizi, §2: 1661 and after
    - Spain: Cubism
      - History painting, §II, 4: 20th century
    - Spain: Mannerism
      - Greco, El, §1(iii)(a): Toledo, 1577–1614: Religious paintings
    - Spain: 17th cent.
      - Carreño de Miranda, Juan, §1: Early and middle years, to 1666
      - Maino, Juan Bautista
    - Spain: 19th cent.
      - Goya, Francisco de, §I, 3(iii): The mature Goya, 1813–18
    - United States of America: 18th cent.
      - Copley, John Singleton, §2: Europe, 1774–1815
      - Trumbull, John
      - West, Benjamin, §1(ii): Italy and early years in England, 1760–92
    - United States of America: 19th cent.
      - Vanderlyn, John
    - see also ISTORIE
  - landscape
    - Academy, §5: Academic ideals versus practical concerns
    - Dissemination, §1(i)(d): Examples and problems: 19th-century landscape painting
    - Industrial scenes, §2: Depictions of industrial landscape
    - Landscape painting
    - Landscape painting: 1. Introduction
    - Landscape painting, §II, 4: 16th century
    - Li Cheng
    - Naturalism, §1: General development before the 19th century
    - Romanticism, §1: The movement
    - Australia
      - Australia, §III, 1(ii): Painting and graphic arts, before c 1900
    - Australia: 19th cent.
      - Australia, §III, 1(i): Painting and graphic arts, before c 1900
      - Guérard, Eugene von
      - Streeton, Arthur
    - Australia: 20th cent.
      - Nolan, Sidney
    - Austria
      - Vienna, §III, 3: Art life and organization, c 1800–1896
      - Waldmüller, Ferdinand Georg
    - Belgium
      - Landscape painting, §II, 5(ii): 17th century: Southern Netherlands
    - Belgium: Baroque
      - Rubens, Peter Paul, §I, 5: Final period, 1628–40
    - Belgium: Renaissance
      - Bles, Herri met de
    - Belgium: 16th cent.
      - Cock: (1) Jan Wellens de Cock
      - Coninxloo, van (i): (2) Gillis van Coninxloo III, §2: Amsterdam, 1595 and after
      - Gassel, Lucas
      - Landscape painting, §II, 4(ii): 16th century: The Netherlands
      - Patinir, Joachim
      - Patinir , Joachim, §2: Works
      - Patinir , Joachim, §5: Critical reception and posthumous reputation
      - Patinir, Joachim, §4: Iconography
      - Valckenborch, van: (2) Lucas van Valckenborch I, §2(i): Landscapes
    - Belgium: 17th cent.
      - Fouquier, Jacques
      - Momper, de: (1) Josse de Momper II
      - Uden, Lucas van
      - Udine, Giovanni da
      - Wildens, Jan, §2: After 1614
    - Belgium: 18th cent.
      - Ommeganck, Balthasar-Paul
    - Brazil
      - Netherlands, the, §III, 4(ii): Painting and graphic arts, c 1550–c 1680: Haarlem
      - Post: (2) Frans Post
      - Rio de Janeiro
    - Byzantine
      - Landscape painting, §II, 2: Byzantium and the Middle Ages, c 2nd century AD–;c 15th century
    - Canada
      - Harris, Lawren S.
      - Thomson, Tom
      - Webber, John
    - Chile
      - Chile, §III, 2: Painting, graphic arts and sculpture: Early developments after independence, 1818–1910
    - China
      - China, §XV, 2(ii): Art training: After 1949
    - China: Confucianism
      - Confucianism, §2(ii): Confucianism and art: Analogic stage
    - China: Five Dynasties (AD 907-60)
      - Jing Hao
    - China: Ming period (1368-1644)
      - Dai Jin
      - Suzhou
      - Wen: (1) Wen Zhengming
      - Wen: (2) Wen Jia
      - Wen: (3) Wen Boren
    - China: Northern Song period (AD 960-1127)
      - Li Tang
    - China: Qing period (1644-1911)
      - Hua Yan
      - Kuncan
      - Wang (ii): (1) Wang Shimin
      - Wang (ii): (2) Wang Yuanqi
      - Wu Li
    - China: Song period (AD 960-1279)
      - Fan Kuan
      - Guo Xi
      - Xu Daoning
    - China: Tang period (AD 618-907)
      - Li (i)
    - China: Yuan period (1279-1368)
      - China, §V, 3(iv)(b): Landscape painting: Theoretical writings
    - China: Zhe school
      - Zhe school, §1: Style and subject-matter

Reproduced by kind permission of Macmillan Publishers Limited, publishers of The Grove Dictionary of Art.
� Copyright 2000 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

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